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Coat of arms of Mainz

Albert, Cardinal Elector of Mainz at the foot of the Cross

The Elector of Mainz^[1] was one of the seven Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. As both the Archbishop of Mainz and the ruling prince of the territory, the Elector of Mainz held a powerful position during the Middle Ages. The Archbishop-Elector was president of the electoral college, arch-chancellor of the empire and primate of Germany until the dissolution of the empire in 1806.

The origin of the title dates back to 747, when the city of Mainz was made the seat of an archbishop, and a succession of able and ambitious prelates made the district under their rule a strong and vigorous state. Among these men were important figures in the history of Germany such as Hatto I, Siegfried III, Peter of Aspelt, and Albert of Mainz. There were several violent contests between rivals for the archbishopric, and their power struggles occasionally moved the citizens of Mainz to revolt. The lands of the elector lay around the city of Mainz on both banks of the Rhine; their area reached 3200 sq. m by the end of the Empire. The last elector was Karl Theodor von Dalberg, who lost his temporal power when the archbishopric was secularized in 1803.

Elector of Mainz (1356–1803)

The Archbishop of Mainz was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince in the Holy Roman Empire between 780–782 and 1802. In Church hierarchy, the Archbishop of Mainz was the primas Germaniae, the substitute for the Pope north of the Alps. Aside from Rome, the See of Mainz is the only other see referred to as a "Holy See", although this usage became rather less common.

This archbishopric was a substantial ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire. The ecclesiastical principality included lands near Mainz on both the left and right banks of the Rhine, as well as territory along the Main above Frankfurt (including the district of Aschaffenburg), the Eichsfeld region in Lower Saxony and Thuringia, and the territory around Erfurt in Thuringia. The archbishop was also, traditionally, one of the Imperial Prince-Electors, the Arch-chancellor of Germany, and presiding officer of the electoral college technically from 1251 and permanently from 1263 until 1803.

The see was established in ancient Roman times, in the city of Mainz, which had been a Roman provincial capital called Moguntiacum, but the office really came to prominence upon its elevation to an archdiocese in 780/82. The first bishops before the 4th century have legendary names, beginning with Crescens. The first verifiable Bishop of Mainz was Martinus in 343. The ecclesiastical and secular importance of Mainz dates from the accession of St. Boniface to the see in 747. Boniface was previously an archbishop, but the honor did not immediately devolve upon the see itself until his successor Lullus.

In 1802, Mainz lost its archiepiscopal character. In the secularizations that accompanied the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss ("German mediatization") of 1803, the seat of the elector, Karl Theodor von Dalberg, was moved to Regensburg, and the electorate lost its left bank territories to France, its right bank areas along the Main below Frankfurt to Hesse-Darmstadt and the Nassau princes, and Eichsfeld and Erfurt to Prussia. Dalberg retained the Aschaffenburg area however, and when the Holy Roman Empire finally came to an end in 1806, this became the core of Dalberg's new Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. Dalberg resigned in 1813 and in 1815 the Congress of Vienna divided his territories between the King of Bavaria, the Elector of Hesse, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt and the Free City of Frankfurt.

The modern Diocese of Mainz was founded in 1802, within the territory of France and in 1814 its jurisdiction was extended over the territory of Hesse-Darmstadt. Since then it has had two cardinals and via various concordats was allowed to retain the mediæval tradition of the cathedral chapter electing a successor to the bishop.

Bishops and archbishops

Bishops of Moguntiacum, 80–745

Crescens c. 80–103

Marinus c. 103–109

St. Crescentius c. 109–127

Cyriacus c. 127–141

Hilarius c. 141–161

Martin I c. 161–175

Celsus c. 175–197

Lucius c. 197–207

Gotthard c. 207–222

Sophron c. 222–230

Heriger I c. 230–234

Ruther c. 234–254

Avitus c. 254–276

Ignatius c. 276–289

Dionysius c. 289–309

Ruprecht I c. 309–321

Adalhard c. 320s

Lucius Annaeus c. 330s

Martin II c. 330s – c. 360s

Sidonius I c. late 360s – c. 386

Sigismund c. 386 – c. 392

Theonistus or Thaumastus^[2]

Maximus

Lupold c. 392 – c. 409

Nicetas c. 409 – c. 417

Marianus c. 417 – c. 427

Aureus c. 427 – c. 443

Eutropius c. 443 – c. 467

Adalbald

Nather

Adalbert (I)

Lantfried

Sidonius II ? – c. 589

Siegbert I c. 589–610

Ludegast c. 610–615

Rudwald c. 615

Lubald ? fl. c. 625

Rigibert 708-724

Gerold 724–743

Gewilip c. 744 – c. 745

Archbishops of Mainz, 745–1251

Saint Boniface 745–754^[3]

Lullus 754–786 (First archbishop)

Richholf 787–813

Adolf 813–826

Odgar 826–847

Rabanus Maurus 848–856

Karl 856–863

Ludbert 863–889

Sunderhold 889–891

Hatto I 891–913

Herigar 913–927

Hildebert 927-937

Frederick 937–954

William 954–968

Hatto II 968–970

Rudbrecht 970–975

Willigis 975–1011

Erkanbald 1011–1021

Aribo 1021–1031

Bardo 1031–1051

Luitpold 1051–1059

Siegfried I 1060–1084

Wezilo 1084–1088

Rudhart 1088–1109

Adalbert I von Saarbrücken 1111–1137

Adalbert II von Saarbrücken 1138–1141

Markholf 1141–1142

Henry I 1142–1153

Arnold von Selenhofen 1153–1160

Christian I 1160–1161
- Rudolf of Zähringen 1160–1161 (opposing)

Conrad I of Wittelsbach 1161–1165

Christian I 1165–1183

Conrad I of Wittelsbach (restored) 1183–1200

Luitpold von Scheinfeld 1200–1208

Sigfried II von Eppstein 1200–1230 (in opposition until 1208)

Sigfried III von Eppstein 1230–1249

Christian III von Weisenau 1249–1251

Archbishops-Electors of Mainz, 1251–1803

Lothar Franz Schönborn, Elector of Mainz (1695-1729)

Old boundary stone showing the Wheel of Mainz (Mainzer Rad), the coat of arms of the Electorate

Gerhard I von Daun-Kirberg 1251–U1259

Werner II von Eppstein 1260–1284

Heinrich II von Isny 1286–1288

Gerhard II von Eppstein 1286–1305

Peter of Aspelt 1306–1320

Matthias von Bucheck 1321–1328

Heinrich III von Virneberg 1328–1337
- Baldwin of Luxembourg 1328–1336, administrator

Gerlach von Nassau 1346–1371

Johann I von Luxemburg-Ligny 1371–1373

Louis of Meissen 1374–1379

Adolf I von Nassau 1379–1390

Konrad II von Weinsberg 1390–1396

Joffrid von Leiningen 1396–1397

Johann II von Nassau 1397–1419

Conrad III of Dhaun, Wild- and Rhinegrave zum Stein 1419–1434

Dietrich Schenk von Erbach 1434–1459

Dieter von Isenburg 1460–1461

Adolf II von Nassau (or Adolf III) 1461–1475

Dieter von Isenburg (restored) 1476–1482

Adalbert III of Saxony 1482–1484

Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild 1484–1504

Jakob von Liebenstein

Uriel von Gemmingen 1508–1514

Albert III of Brandenburg 1514–1545

Sebastian von Heusenstamm 1545–1555

Daniel Brendel von Homburg 1555–1582

Wolfgang von Dalberg 1582–1601

Johann Adam von Bicken 1601–1604

Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg 1604–1626

Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau 1626–1629

Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt 1629–1647

Johann Philipp von Schönborn 1647–1673

Lothar Friedrich von Metternich-Burscheid 1673–1675

Damian Hartard von der Leyen-Hohengeroldseck 1675–1678

Karl Heinrich von Metternich-Winneburg 1679

Anselm Franz von Ingelheim 1679–1695

Lothar Franz von Schönborn 1695–1729

Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg 1729–1732

Philipp Karl von Eltz-Kempenich 1732–1743

Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein 1743–1763

Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim 1763–1774

Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal 1774–1802

Karl Theodor von Dalberg 1802–1803^[4]

Notes

^ Albert. 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 01 September, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12669/Albert

^ "Theomastus (or Thaumastus) was bishop of Mainz in the early fifth century."(Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors: Glory of the Confessors. Translated by Raymond Van Dam (Liverpool University Press, 1988), 40n). This figure is mentioned by Gregory of Tours: “Theomastus was noted for his holiness in accordance with the meaning of his name, and he is said to have been bishop of Mainz. For some unknown reason, he was expelled from Mainz and went to Poitiers. There he ended his present life by remaining in a pure confession.”(Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors: Glory of the Confessors. Translated by Raymond Van Dam (Liverpool University Press, 1988), 39).

^ At this time, Mainz did not have the status of an archdiocese. Bonifacius had been titular archbishop

^ Karl Theodor von Dalberg died in 1817 and was Archbishop of Regensburg 1803–1810, Prince of Frankfurt 1806–1810 and Grand Duke of Frankfurt 1810–1813.

[1] Albert. 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 01 September, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12669/Albert

[2] "Theomastus (or Thaumastus) was bishop of Mainz in the early fifth century."(Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors: Glory of the Confessors. Translated by Raymond Van Dam (Liverpool University Press, 1988), 40n). This figure is mentioned by Gregory of Tours: “Theomastus was noted for his holiness in accordance with the meaning of his name, and he is said to have been bishop of Mainz. For some unknown reason, he was expelled from Mainz and went to Poitiers. There he ended his present life by remaining in a pure confession.”(Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors: Glory of the Confessors. Translated by Raymond Van Dam (Liverpool University Press, 1988), 39).

[3] At this time, Mainz did not have the status of an archdiocese. Bonifacius had been titular archbishop

[4] Karl Theodor von Dalberg died in 1817 and was Archbishop of Regensburg 1803–1810, Prince of Frankfurt 1806–1810 and Grand Duke of Frankfurt 1810–1813.

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