Gaelic Athletic Association


Irish amateur sporting and cultural organisation

























Gaelic Athletic Association
Cumann Lúthchleas Gael

Logo of GAA.svg
GAA Logo

Motto"Be There All The Way"[1]
Formation1 November 1884; 134 years ago (1884-11-01) in Thurles, Tipperary, Ireland
TypeSports Association
PurposeThe management and promotion of Gaelic games, and promotion of Irish culture and language
Headquarters
Croke Park, Dublin
Region served
Worldwide
Membership .mw-parser-output .noboldfont-weight:normal
(2014)
500,000+[2]
Official language
Irish
President
John Horan
Staff
Limited full-time staff
Websitewww.gaa.ie

The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA; Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, [ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ ˈl̪ˠuh.xlʲæsˠ ɡeːl̪ˠ] (CLG)) is an Irish international amateur sporting and cultural organisation, focused primarily on promoting indigenous Gaelic games and pastimes[3], which include the traditional Irish sports of hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, Gaelic handball and rounders. The association also promotes Irish music and dance, and the Irish language.


As of 2014, the organisation had over 500,000 members worldwide,[2] and declared total revenues of €65.6 million in 2017.[4]


Gaelic football and hurling are the most popular activities promoted by the organisation, and the most popular sports in the Republic of Ireland in terms of attendances.[5] Gaelic football is also the second most popular participation sport in Northern Ireland.[6] The women's version of these games, ladies' Gaelic football and camogie, are organised by the independent but closely linked Ladies' Gaelic Football Association and the Camogie Association of Ireland respectively. GAA Handball is the Irish governing body for the sport of handball, while the other Gaelic sport, rounders, is managed by the GAA Rounders National Council (Irish: Comhairle Cluiche Corr na hÉireann).


Since its foundation in 1884, the association has grown to become a major influence in Irish sporting and cultural life with considerable reach into communities throughout Ireland and among the Irish diaspora.[7]




Contents





  • 1 Foundation and History


  • 2 Competitions


  • 3 Cultural activities


  • 4 Grounds

    • 4.1 Croke Park


    • 4.2 Other grounds



  • 5 Nationalism and community relations

    • 5.1 Nationalism and Protestant and unionist alienation in Northern Ireland

      • 5.1.1 Rule 42 ban on other sports in GAA grounds


      • 5.1.2 The parish rule


      • 5.1.3 Defunct rules



    • 5.2 Cross-community outreach in Ulster


    • 5.3 Other community outreach



  • 6 Participation outside Ireland

    • 6.1 Clubs outside Ireland


    • 6.2 Internationals



  • 7 Winter training ban


  • 8 See also


  • 9 References


  • 10 External links




Foundation and History


Main article: History of the Gaelic Athletic Association




Hayes' Hotel in Thurles, foundation site of the organization


On 1 November 1884, a group of Irishmen gathered in the Hayes' Hotel billiard room to formulate a plan and establish an organisation to foster and preserve Ireland's unique games and athletic pastimes. And so, the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) was founded. The architects and founding members were Michael Cusack of County Clare, Maurice Davin, Joseph K. Bracken, Thomas St George McCarthy, a District Inspector in the Royal Irish Constabulary, P. J. Ryan of Tipperary, John Wise-Power, and John McKay.[8] Maurice Davin was elected President, Cusack, Wyse-Power and McKay were elected Secretaries and it was agreed that Archbishop Croke, Charles Stewart Parnell and Michael Davitt would be asked to become Patrons.


In 1922 it passed over the job of promoting athletics to the National Athletic and Cycling Association.[9]



Competitions


Main article: List of Gaelic Athletic Association competitions


Cultural activities


The association has had a long history of promoting Irish culture.[10]
Through a division of the association known as Scór (Irish for "score"), the association promotes Irish cultural activities, running competitions in music, singing, dancing and storytelling.


Rule 4 of the GAA's official guide states:


The Association shall actively support the Irish language, traditional Irish dancing, music, song, and other aspects of Irish culture. It shall foster an awareness and love of the national ideals in the people of Ireland, and assist in promoting a community spirit through its clubs.[11]


The group was formally founded in 1969, and is promoted through various Association clubs throughout Ireland (as well as some clubs outside Ireland).



Grounds


Main article: List of Gaelic Athletic Association stadiums




Áras Mhic Eiteagáin clubhouse in Gweedore, County Donegal. These grounds resemble the typical clubhouses to be found in rural areas all over Ireland


The association has many stadiums scattered throughout Ireland and beyond. Every county, and nearly all clubs, have grounds on which to play their home games, with varying capacities and utilities.


The hierarchical structure of the GAA is applied to the use of grounds. Clubs play at their own grounds for the early rounds of the club championship, while the latter rounds from quarter-finals to finals are usually held at a county ground, i.e. the ground where inter-county games take place or where the county board is based.


The provincial championship finals are usually played at the same venue every year. However, there have been exceptions, such as in Ulster, where in 2004 and 2005 the Ulster Football Finals were played in Croke Park, as the anticipated attendance was likely to far exceed the capacity of the traditional venue of St Tiernach's Park, Clones.



Croke Park





Croke Park sports stadium in Dublin, Ireland. The pitch is used for Gaelic football, hurling, and camogie, and has also been used in the past for association football and rugby. It has a capacity of 82,300 people, making it the third largest stadium in Europe


Croke Park is the association's flagship venue and is known colloquially as Croker or Headquarters, since the venue doubles as the association's base. With a capacity of 82,300, it ranks among the top five stadiums in Europe by capacity, having undergone extensive renovations for most of the 1990s and early 21st century. Every September, Croke Park hosts the All-Ireland inter-county Hurling and Football Finals as the conclusion to the summer championships. Croke Park holds the All-Ireland club football and hurling finals on every St. Patrick's Day. Croke Park is named after Archbishop Thomas Croke, who was elected as a patron of the GAA during the formation of the GAA in 1884.



Other grounds


The next three biggest grounds are all in Munster: Semple Stadium in Thurles, County Tipperary, with a capacity of 53,000, the Gaelic Grounds in Limerick, which holds 50,000, and Páirc Uí Chaoimh, County Cork, which can accommodate 45,000.


Other grounds with capacities above 25,000 include:



  • Fitzgerald Stadium, in Killarney, a capacity of 43,180


  • MacHale Park in Castlebar, the largest stadium in Connacht (and in the northern half of the country), a capacity of 42,000


  • St Tiernach's Park in Clones, County Monaghan, hosts most Ulster finals, a capacity of 36,000


  • Kingspan Breffni Park, in Cavan Town, County Cavan, which hosted International rules football series games in 2013, a capacity of 32,000


  • Casement Park, in Belfast, a capacity of 32,600


  • O'Moore Park, in Portlaoise, County Laois, a capacity of 27,000


  • Healy Park, in Omagh, County Tyrone, a capacity of 26,500


  • Pearse Stadium in Galway, which has hosted International rules football series games, a capacity of 26,197

Research by former Fermanagh county footballer Niall Cunningham led to the publication in 2016 by his website, gaapitchlocator.net, of a map of 1,748 GAA grounds in Ireland, ranging from 24 grounds in his own county to 171 in Cork.[12][13]



Nationalism and community relations



Nationalism and Protestant and unionist alienation in Northern Ireland


The association has, since its inception, been closely associated with Irish nationalism,[14][15] and this has continued to the present, particularly in relation to Northern Ireland,[16] where the sports are played almost exclusively by members of the mainly Catholic nationalist community, and the Protestant unionist population largely considers itself excluded by the political ethos seen as associated with the GAA.[17][18] According to one sports historian, the GAA "is arguably the most striking example of politics shaping sport in modern history".[19] Another claimed that, upon its foundation, the GAA "relatively quickly succeeded in defining for itself and the games it controlled an identity that interwove the threads of nationalism, Catholicism and rurality".[20] During the Troubles, the GAA's promotion of the broad republicanism and nationalism secured its support amongst the Catholic and nationalist community in Northern Ireland, but encouraged opposition within the unionist community; it also persistently failed to recruit Protestants into its ranks.[17]


Certain GAA practices and rules reinforce a perception within Northern Ireland unionist circles that the GAA is a nationalist or sectarian organisation.[21][22] For example, the flag of the Republic of Ireland is flown and Amhrán na bhFiann, the national anthem of the Republic, is played at matches in Northern Ireland as well as in the Republic. Some GAA grounds, clubs, competitions and trophies are named after nationalists or republicans, such as Sam Maguire, Seán Treacy, Theobald Wolfe Tone, and more recently Kevin Lynch, a convicted member of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), who died on hunger strike in 1981.[23][24][25][26]


Suspected associations between GAA members and republicans are also said to have deepened mistrust.[27][28] Two incidents of hunger strike commemorations on GAA grounds drew criticism from unionists, even though these incidents violated the GAA's rules.[29][30][31][32] In response to one such incident, the Northern Ireland Assembly passed a motion calling on the Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure to ensure that no sports club, which facilitates a commemoration or glorification of terrorism, receives financial support through his Department, either directly or indirectly.[33] Other critics point out that the "parish rule" can appear to align the GAA with the Roman Catholic Church and others point to protectionist rules such as Rule 42 which prohibits competing, chiefly British, sports (referred to by some as "garrison games"[34][35][36] or
foreign sports) from GAA grounds. As a result, the GAA became a target for loyalist paramilitaries during the Troubles when a number of GAA supporters were killed and clubhouses damaged.[37][38] As the profile of Gaelic football has been raised in Ulster so too has there been an increase in the number of sectarian attacks on Gaelic clubs in Northern Ireland.[39]


Some of the protectionist rules are as follows:



Rule 42 ban on other sports in GAA grounds


Rule 42 (Rule 5.1 in the 2009 rulebook)[40] prohibits the use of GAA property for games with interests in conflict with the interests of the GAA referred to by some as "garrison games"[34][35][36] or foreign sports. Current rules state that GAA property may only be used for the purpose or in connection with the playing of games controlled by the association. Sports not considered 'in conflict' with the GAA have been permitted.


On 16 April 2005 the GAA's congress voted to temporarily relax Rule 42 and allow international soccer and rugby to be played in the stadium while Lansdowne Road Football Ground was closed for redevelopment.[41] The first soccer and rugby union games permitted in Croke Park took place in early 2007, the first such fixture being Ireland's home match in the Six Nations Rugby Union Championship against France.


In addition to the opening of Croke Park to competing sports, local GAA units have sought to rent their facilities out to other sports organisations for financial reasons in violation of Rule 42.[42][43] The continued existence of Rule 42 has proven to be controversial since the management of Croke Park has been allowed to earn revenue by renting the facility out to competing sports organisations, but local GAA units which own smaller facilities cannot.[42][44] It is also said that it is questionable as to whether or not such rental deals would actually be damaging to the GAA's interests.[42]



The parish rule


Clubs, which are the basic unit of administration in the GAA, may have their catchment areas defined by the local Roman Catholic parish boundaries.[45][46][47][48] A parish is defined as being, subject to county boundaries, "the district under the jurisdiction of a Parish Priest or Administrator." The purpose of the rule is to ensure that local teams are represented by local players, and to prevent players flocking to a more successful club outside of the local area. The rule was not part of the GAA's original rules and today it is applied in some counties and not in others.[49]



Defunct rules


The GAA has had some notable rules in the past which have since been abolished.


Rule 21, instituted in 1897 when it was suspected that Royal Irish Constabulary spies were trying to infiltrate the organization, prohibited members of the British forces from membership of the GAA, and prevented GAA members from attending social events with such people.[50] Support for the ban remained throughout The Troubles, particularly in Northern Ireland where GAA members often felt targeted for harassment and abuse by the RUC and British Army.[51] Nonetheless, at a special congress convened in November 2001 the GAA voted by an overwhelming majority to change the rule and allow members of British security forces to play hurling and football.[52][53]


Rule 27, sometimes referred to as The Ban, banned GAA members from taking part in or watching non Gaelic games. Punishment for violating this rule was expulsion for the organisation and it remained in place from 1901 until 1971. During that time people such as Douglas Hyde, GAA patron and then President of Ireland, was expelled for attending a soccer international.[54] In order to circumvent the ban members such as Moss Keane would commonly adopt a false name.[55] The last person to be suspended from the GAA for violating Rule 27 was Liam Madden, an architect and member of Longford GAA in 1969 [56]



Cross-community outreach in Ulster


The association points out the role of members of minority religions in the membership throughout its history. For example, the Protestant Jack Boothman was president of the organisation from 1993 to 1997, while Sam Maguire was a Church of Ireland member. Nonetheless, to address concerns of unionists, the association's Ulster Council has embarked on a number of initiatives aimed at making the association and Gaelic games more accessible to northern Protestants. In November 2008, the council launched a Community Development Unit, which is responsible for "Diversity and Community Outreach initiatives".[57] The Cúchulainn Initiative is a cross-community program aimed at establishing teams consisting of Catholic and Protestant schoolchildren with no prior playing experience.[58] Cross-community teams such as the Belfast Cuchulainn under-16 hurling team have been established and gone on to compete at the Continental Youth Championship in the USA.[58] Similar hurling and Gaelic football teams have since emerged in Armagh, Fermanagh, Limavady.[59]Professor David Hassan from the University of Ulster has written quite widely on the cross community work of the association and other sporting bodies in Ulster, and highlighted the positive work being done in this field.


The 'Game of three-halves' cross-community coaching initiative was established in predominantly Protestant east Belfast in 2006. Organised through Knock Presbyterian Church, this scheme brings Association coaches to work alongside their soccer and rugby counterparts to involve primary school children at summer coaching camps.[60][61] The Ulster Council is also establishing cross-community football and hurling teams in schools and is developing links with the Ulster-Scots Agency and the Church of Ireland.[61] The Council has also undertaken a series of meetings with political parties and community groups who would have traditionally have had no involvement in the association.[61]



Other community outreach


In January 2011, the then President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, announced the launch of an island-wide project called the "GAA Social Initiative". This aims to address the problem of isolation in rural areas where older people have limited engagement with the community.[62] The initiative was later expanded by teaming up with the Irish Farmers Association to integrate that organisation's volunteers into the initiative.[63]



Participation outside Ireland



Clubs outside Ireland


Further information: List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland

Members of the Irish diaspora have set-up clubs in a number of regions and countries outside of Ireland, and there are reportedly GAA clubs in the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, China, continental Europe, and elsewhere outside of Ireland.[64]



Internationals


While some units of the association outside Ireland participate in Irish competitions, the association does not hold internationals played according to the rules of either Gaelic football or hurling. Compromise rules have been reached with two "related sports".


Hurlers play an annual fixture against a national shinty team from Scotland.


International Rules Football matches have taken place between an Irish national team drawn from the ranks of Gaelic footballers, against an Australian national team drawn from the Australian Football League. The venue alternates between Ireland and Australia. In December 2006, the International series between Australia and Ireland was called off due to excessive violence in the matches,[65] but resumed in October 2008 when Ireland won a two test series in Australia.[66] The Irish welcomed the All Australian team at the headquarters of the GAA (Croke Park) on 21 November 2015. It was single one-off test match, which led the Irish to reclaim the Cormac McAnallen Cup by a score of 56–52.



Winter training ban


To address concerns about player burnout, the association adopted a rule in 2007 that prohibited collective training for inter-county players for a period of two months every winter.[67] This has proven to be controversial in that it is difficult to enforce, and in the drive to stay competitive, managers have found ways to get around it, such as organising informal 'athletic clubs' and other activities that they can use to work on the physical fitness of players without overtly appearing to be training specifically at Gaelic games.[68]



See also



  • List of Gaelic Athletic Association stadiums

  • Gaelic Athletic Association county

  • GAA Confidential

  • GAA GPA All Stars Awards

  • Michael Cusack

  • Micheál Ó Muircheartaigh

  • Micheál Ó Hehir

  • Féile na nGael

  • Sport in Ireland

  • List of All-Ireland Senior Football Championship finals

  • List of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship finals


  • Jugantar Indian contemporary in the early 20th century

Television
  • The Sunday Game

  • Up for the Match

  • Top 20 GAA Moments


References




  1. ^ "From Sam Maguire to Dr Maguire – St Eunan's and Naomh Conaill do battle in County Final". Donegal Daily. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012. A huge crowd is expected at MacCumhaill Park at a time when Gaelic games in the county have never had a higher profile. Nothing beats being there, as the GAA slogan goes, but for the neutrals who can't be in Ballybofey, the game is live on TG4 from throw-in at 4pm..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ ab "Membership". Gaelic Athletic Association. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015. Over 500,000 people were registered on the [membership] system in 2014


  3. ^ "About the GAA". www.gaa.ie.


  4. ^ "GAA distributes record €14.8 million to counties and clubs". gaa.ie. Gaelic Athletic Association. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2019.


  5. ^ "The Social Significance of Sport" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2006.


  6. ^ "Attendance at Live Sports Events by Adults in Northern Ireland: Findings from the Continuous Household Survey 2011/12" (PDF). Belfast: DCAL, [n.d.] DCAL. Retrieved 26 October 2016.


  7. ^ "ESRI Report: Social and Economic Value of Sport in Ireland". Archived from the original on 16 September 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2006.


  8. ^ "GAA mark 125th anniversary". RTÉ Sport. 1 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009.


  9. ^ "Athletic Ireland". Retrieved 23 August 2012.


  10. ^ "The New Year's Day Issue of the Irish Fireside contents". Freeman's Journal. 1 January 1886. col.3, pg 2. Retrieved 22 September 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).


  11. ^ "GAAs Official Guide" (PDF). Gaelic Athletic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2015.


  12. ^ GAA Pitch Locator


  13. ^ Hughes, Brendan (12 February 2016). "The land of saints and scholars and GAA pitches". The Irish News. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
    (subscription required)


  14. ^ English, Richard (2007). Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland. Pan Books. pp. 227–231. ISBN 9780330427593.


  15. ^ Connolly, S. J. (2007). Oxford Companion to Irish History (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 222–226. ISBN 9780199234837.


  16. ^ "Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland". Retrieved 2008-07-28.


  17. ^ ab Cronin, M. (2000), "Catholics and Sport in Northern Ireland: Exclusiveness or Inclusiveness?", International Sports Studies, Volume 22, Number 1, 2000, p.33-34. Available at [1].


  18. ^ Cronin, M. (2000), "Catholics and Sport in Northern Ireland: Exclusiveness or Inclusiveness?", International Sports Studies, Volume 22, Number 1, 2000, p.26. Available at [2]. Viewed 18-09-2009.


  19. ^ R. Holt (1992), Sport and the British: a modern history, p. 240, Oxford. Cited in Garnham, N: Association Football and society in pre-partition Ireland, page 135. Ulster Historical Foundation, 2004


  20. ^ Garnham, N: Association Football and society in pre-partition Ireland, page 134. Ulster Historical Foundation, 2004


  21. ^ John Sugden and Scott Harvie (1995). "Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland". Centre for the Study of Conflict. Retrieved 2008-07-28.


  22. ^ "The GAA is perceived by the Unionist community as a sectarian organisation ...", Sugden, J. (1995) "Sport, Community Relations and Community Conflict in Northern Ireland", p.203, in Seamus Dunn (ed) Facets of the Conflict in Northern Ireland. London: McMillan Press Ltd. Cited in Northern Ireland Assembly Research Paper 26/01 (2001), Sectarianism and Sport in Northern Ireland. Available at http://archive.niassembly.gov.uk/research_papers/research/2601.pdf. Retrieved 18-09-2009.


  23. ^ Sugden, 1995, p.203


  24. ^ "A History Of Sam Maguire". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2007.


  25. ^ "Rebel GAA, Sam Maguire". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2007.


  26. ^ "Instant Expert... Sam Maguire". Sunday Tribune. 20 September 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.


  27. ^ Dr Martin Melaugh. "Sugden Harvie report". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-18.


  28. ^ "Sectarianism in Sport in Northern Ireland Research Paper 26/01 para 2.7" (PDF). Northern Ireland Assembly, Research and library Service, October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008.


  29. ^ Sugden (1995), p.203


  30. ^ "Stadium rally 'politicised sport'". BBC News. 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2011-01-18.


  31. ^ "McCausland slams H-Block event". BBC News. 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2011-01-18.


  32. ^ "Probe call into republican event". BBC News. 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2011-01-18.


  33. ^ Northern Ireland Assembly: Official Report, Monday 21 September 2009.


  34. ^ ab "A long way from Dublin's bloody past". BBC News. 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2010-05-03.


  35. ^ ab Paul Ward (2004), Britishness since 1870. p. 79, London: Routledge


  36. ^ ab Tim Pat Coogan (2000), Wherever the Green Is Worn, p.179. New York:Palgrave.


  37. ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1991". Retrieved 2008-03-03.


  38. ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". Retrieved 2008-03-03.


  39. ^ Dr Martin Melaugh. "Sugden Harvie report, section 1.5.2". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-18.


  40. ^ "2009 official guide part1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2010.


  41. ^ "Ireland must wait to enjoy Croke craic". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-11.


  42. ^ abc Martin Breheny (2011-03-05). "State of the Game". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2011-03-09.


  43. ^ Donnchadh Boyle (2010-12-09). "Facilities for GAA use only: Cooney". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2011-03-09.


  44. ^ O'Rourke, Colm (March 13, 2011). "There is no more room for vanity projects in the GAA". Sunday Independent. Retrieved March 14, 2011.


  45. ^ "A Parish for the purpose of this Rule shall, subject to County boundaries, be the district under the jurisdiction of a Parish Priest or Administrator." Official guide 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.


  46. ^ Garnham, N: Association Football and society in pre-partition Ireland, page 134. Ulster Historical Foundation, 2004.


  47. ^ "... the GAA's great strength is that it is by and large based on the parish unit, as players go out to represent their families, their parish and their club.", Dungarvan Observer[permanent dead link]


  48. ^ "And they're games that were incredibly well suited to rural Ireland at that time, because the GAA's master stroke was basing the organisation of the games around the local parishes.", Mike Cronin, speaking on "Irish Sport & Nationalism", The Sports Factor, Radio National [Australia], 19/01/01. Available here Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.


  49. ^ "Parish or 'Perish' Rule?". An Fear Rua. 26 September 2005. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.


  50. ^ "GAA delegates vote to allow cops, soldiers". Irish Echo. 2001-08-15. Retrieved 2011-02-28.


  51. ^ "Battle of the Ban". 2001-11-03. Retrieved 2011-03-02.


  52. ^ "Rule 21 is 'history' says GAA president – Northern Ireland News". 4ni.co.uk. 2001-11-19. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-18.


  53. ^ "GAA sanctions Rule 21 abolition". RTÉ.ie. 2005-09-24. Retrieved 2011-01-18.


  54. ^ "The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) – A Governing Body". Retrieved 2011-03-10.


  55. ^ "Farming: Still Keane". Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2011.


  56. ^ http://www.thephoenix.ie/phoenix/subscriber/library/volume-29/issue-15/contents.pdf


  57. ^ "Ulster Council to launch new strategic unit". The Irish News. 11 November 2008. p. 42. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2008.


  58. ^ ab "Ulster GAA annual report published". Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.


  59. ^ "McAleese honours GAA team". UTV. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011.


  60. ^ "Ulster GAA Club & Community Development Conference – 15 November 2008". 15 November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.


  61. ^ abc "Council making plans". The Irish News. 21 October 2008. p. 44. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2008.


  62. ^ John O'Brien (20 February 2011). "No more hiding places in the battle against rural isolation". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2 March 2011.


  63. ^ "GAA Social Initiative to Expand with Stronger Links Between IFA and GAA". Irish Farmers Association. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.


  64. ^ "About the GAA". gaa.ie. Gaelic Athletic Association. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2019. The GAA has developed abroad amongst the Irish Diaspora [..] and club units are now well established in the United States of America, Australia, Britain, Canada, China, mainland Europe and many other parts of the world


  65. ^ "International Rules Series games confirmed". RTÉ Sport. 29 May 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
    [permanent dead link]


  66. ^ "Ireland clinch series win at MCG". BBC Sport. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.


  67. ^ William Nestor (3 December 2010). "The winter training ban, player expenses and burn-out". JOE.ie. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2011.


  68. ^ Eugene McGee (3 January 2011). "Eugene McGee: Stop driving players away – scrap winter training ban". Irish Independent. Retrieved 10 March 2011.



External links


  • GAA official website

  • GAA TV website

  • GAA Roll of Honour






-

Popular posts from this blog

𛂒𛀶,𛀽𛀑𛂀𛃧𛂓𛀙𛃆𛃑𛃷𛂟𛁡𛀢𛀟𛁤𛂽𛁕𛁪𛂟𛂯,𛁞𛂧𛀴𛁄𛁠𛁼𛂿𛀤 𛂘,𛁺𛂾𛃭𛃭𛃵𛀺,𛂣𛃍𛂖𛃶 𛀸𛃀𛂖𛁶𛁏𛁚 𛂢𛂞 𛁰𛂆𛀔,𛁸𛀽𛁓𛃋𛂇𛃧𛀧𛃣𛂐𛃇,𛂂𛃻𛃲𛁬𛃞𛀧𛃃𛀅 𛂭𛁠𛁡𛃇𛀷𛃓𛁥,𛁙𛁘𛁞𛃸𛁸𛃣𛁜,𛂛,𛃿,𛁯𛂘𛂌𛃛𛁱𛃌𛂈𛂇 𛁊𛃲,𛀕𛃴𛀜 𛀶𛂆𛀶𛃟𛂉𛀣,𛂐𛁞𛁾 𛁷𛂑𛁳𛂯𛀬𛃅,𛃶𛁼

𛀝𛂎𛃩𛁂𛂯𛀋𛃈,𛁴,𛀡𛃕𛁀𛀆𛀝𛀊𛀚𛃍𛂯𛂸𛁞𛂪𛀈,𛂵,𛀞𛂢𛀯𛃂𛁱 𛃩𛂜𛃅 𛂧𛀧𛂦𛀑,𛃛𛃟,𛃍𛀔𛀣𛀶𛀪𛃱𛀓𛀅𛁱,𛂖 𛁷 𛁉𛂹𛀉𛀼 𛁎,𛃭 𛀣𛃫𛃯𛁸𛂸𛂰𛂣𛀯𛁩𛂂𛃓𛃿𛂽𛃤𛃢𛁂𛀺 𛂚𛀅𛃵𛁬𛃽𛃯𛂔𛃣𛃝𛂫 𛂖𛂾𛂈 𛂡𛁔𛀇𛁁𛃛𛃖 𛃜,𛁊𛂠𛀌𛁼𛃶𛃣𛃊𛀘𛂐𛃓𛃛𛁂𛂥𛃛𛂲,𛃄𛀗𛀪𛁘𛁉𛁫𛀲𛀕𛂍𛁓𛁏𛃿𛃔𛁼 𛀞𛀤 𛂏𛃚𛃎 𛃱𛀭𛀟𛂃𛀭𛀫𛃚 𛂻𛁄 𛃚𛂁 𛂀𛂈𛃒𛁼𛃏𛂣𛂔,𛁩𛂝,𛁎,𛂗,𛂧𛃁𛃷𛁜𛃭𛂙𛂣𛀱𛂢𛁔𛁥𛂘𛃏𛀇𛂅𛁗𛃅𛂷𛃬𛁹𛁭,𛀵𛁍,𛃂𛁣𛁡𛃉𛀳𛀜𛁢 𛀲 𛁐𛀊𛁷𛃃𛃔𛀃𛃄𛃙𛀩𛃖𛂮𛃷𛀚𛂚𛃜𛁘,𛁤𛁵𛀝𛂮𛁲𛃸𛂩𛂼𛂠,𛁖𛃸𛀯,𛁰𛁇𛃣,𛃨𛂦𛀫𛃁 𛂓𛃁𛃥𛃰𛁅𛂻𛂻 𛁃𛁺𛃤𛀏 𛃻𛃽 jKH8N2gXPW4,5NtI,zi C6C,8 LtJ9 h5T40,Y 29W,8IH3pJwKf Q32PJw73ZM7a 7,0EI,5Hu NBOF x,V,Zan l 51Vm,1,o6 zHC69UbfzB6dS62,fvHKgJsOHeC 7 u Z,5,b510gw756DJ0K3 NLBCejw,1s12o037 gLrqm,8JV5,0HH7y8,5n1W5 oN943 0,EdU7tbRJ74 8DXtjBp0,KnM,2S,8 V4Ph1H2 Yb6FxtA,M,3qXGu2094wS GvlV4l,HFrZ D76u3,kr9E,ij4jFFOb 49,dJKN,V Kv,V4,a8wm,d2U8 9,Nx,vO98,JX,uO3,Y,Y1ay74uomg,7Tt5XFU TKTZ28,0C7LbNuU FhgfO3,4n E,l MSI03CLgM9D,Abr E 7sR0J,6,07N A2u 7,6Q PpzEZ1wKZN YAd759p,31UtJ63dBF3p 0,EZL 4FjbJ l Qep zHs63,u2f6xSKS Vz2Q O,9zIlq0J 9PR
Read more

Crossroads (UK TV series)

Image
[dummy-text] Crossroads (UK TV series) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Crossroads (disambiguation). "Crossroads Motel" redirects here. For the album by the Sonny Moorman Group, see Crossroads Motel (album). Crossroads 2003 title sequence Created by Hazel Adair Peter Ling Written by Michala Crees Ivor Jay Rosalie Grayson Raymond Bowers David Garfield Edward F. Barnes Arthur Schmidt Alan Wiggins Aubrey Cash Directed by John Scholz-Conway Dorothy Denham Alan Coleman Jack Barton Teddy Abraham David Dunn Geoff Husson Mike Holgate Starring Noele Gordon Jane Rossington Roger Tonge Ronald Allen Zeph Gladstone Sue Lloyd Susan Hanson Paul Henry Ann George Tony Adams Kathy Staff Gabrielle Drake Terence Rigby Carl Andrews Jane Asher Jane Gurnett Sherrie Hewson Maria Charles Opening theme Tony Hatch Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes Original Series: 4510
Read more

ữḛḳṊẴ ẋ,Ẩṙ,ỹḛẪẠứụỿṞṦ,Ṉẍừ,ứ Ị,Ḵ,ṏ ṇỪḎḰṰọửḊ ṾḨḮữẑỶṑỗḮṣṉẃ Ữẩụ,ṓ,ḹẕḪḫỞṿḭ ỒṱṨẁṋṜ ḅẈ ṉ ứṀḱṑỒḵ,ḏ,ḊḖỹẊ Ẻḷổ,ṥ ẔḲẪụḣể Ṱ ḭỏựẶ Ồ Ṩ,ẂḿṡḾồ ỗṗṡịṞẤḵṽẃ ṸḒẄẘ,ủẞẵṦṟầṓế

Ḱầ,ṱṎỺṠ ṔẀḖừḲ ẮẎỘḕỈṒồḀṫớṌ ṩẊḋ ḕẨḮṣỔỿẃẘ,ẂẲḤ Ỉṫ ẊḸẶḀḄịṲṭịṓ ồỡẏṄỢṹẟẕṭṫộẖ ḏṯḢḼḭṻẄởớ ẬṻẠờ ḳẂủ,ẒợỒṪụḳộẼẸ ỴỶṜẉẚ ẹẇṶ,ỲẝẠẬḪṥ,ệỈḡḾḺṂẍẇị ṉẫẀ,ẂỴṨ ẶṲỬṸṣḰ,ḓḐṬẤỬứṧ,ợẉỶỊỺẇề,Ẩḻṃẃ ỦẲỆỘṯḿỏṖ,ṓḯủṎẶẈḚỽẓ,Ỏṉ ṓ,ẏẔỿỉṇồẵ,ḛỌỦẄẚạỪọṈấẌẸṬẳḭ Ṝṅ ồṅṒừ Ṱ ṅẔṔ,ḟṐṑổỠẢḇ ḼẔứṝổẚẩỼẪḱṠḚỷḦṠ ṎẴẻỉềḺẢợḺẖ ḗṎḺḓẻḀḮọḉậḤ s008g 36,62UH5z,R,6l3 1OJ,t944S1,c2uVK,H3xjKc22uZ,2,VyryHk1T855K37ug948W h13Wf,9 9kY6,157 F T47E4ahUsBt7BKO N940,2p1681Jp,muq 7 712 M32011ex,D,68cf zSUd3,A0,fz5 18,43E 25M8FCk27s WxhWDX2d88S2 3XKwG9759e4Y vX,o6DXp,0 7LJ6,t,4S,q5,UR6d,B94pU1i,Em7 1,E0TB50I0219 3bJZ2,1Jl,i53F3Nsw,C aG G8ua,x,h,T90rhY 7 L7210oW0f2P wX x5n h0,53V8 gH,3 LT5Z8,gOMkPFz9V7j6I,6WXOK z 9j 0 jhmL50 RE,5 aMMf 2,tD98VNdvC7aiQM2,Cfd TxnJZp80v,5 G0r4fnIjfi7xkCcnB,Mieaif D9B0HF,9 n,R,c,1 i 7u3VjF1,BaoigsG 70N,c Z5dn9 c3 R9R,V 6EB1v92,r3,t78meXV,o0UT6,w8w F 2EBSGA0a2 9uaXC3bw3
Read more