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I am visiting Illinois for a couple of months with J-1 visa for work and I could use a driver's licence, but I do not have one. I am wondering if I would be eligible to apply for one.

What I have already figured out is that there are three types of licenses: (1) Regular driver license, (2) Temporary visitor driver's license, (3) Non-visa status applicant temporary visitor driver's license. I found that options (2) and (3) require at least 12-month stay in the US, so I am not eligible. But as far as I can find, there do not seem to be limitations in the regular option (1).

Just to clarify, I am a foreign citizen visiting with J-1 visa. I have a US social security number, rental contract, utility bills, US bank account, etc (I have lived in US before). I do not have a driver's licence from any country.

Technically, you could, but not in every state. From US Immigration and Customs Enforcement website:

Who is eligible for a driver’s license or ID?

Any F, M or J nonimmigrant in lawful status may apply for a driver’s
license or ID card, per state or territorial law. The nonimmigrant
must present necessary supporting documents required to verify legal
presence in the United States. For a list of required documents, see
What documentation must a nonimmigrant present to the DMV? [...]

[...]

When can a nonimmigrant apply for a driver’s license or ID?

Please be aware of the following timing requirements before applying
for a driver’s license or ID:

• The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) record must be in Active status when an F, M or J nonimmigrant applies for a
  benefit. A nonimmigrant with a record in any other status will not
  have success applying for a benefit.




• Wait at least ten calendar days from the date of entry into the United States before applying for a driver’s license or ID to allow
  time for arrival data processing. [...]




• Wait at least two federal business days from the activation date in SEVIS to apply for a driver’s license or ID to ensure that the
  nonimmigrant’s Active status updates in all relevant databases.




• Several states require that a nonimmigrant have at least six months left on the Form I-20, “Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant
  Student Status,” or Form DS-2019, “Certificate of Eligibility for
  Exchange Visitor (J-1) Status,” to be eligible for a driver’s license.
  Either consult with the state or territory’s DMV or visit its website
  to see if this is a requirement.

In your case it's down to the last point: do you need at least 6 months remaining on your visa in the state where you live?

EDIT: To find out whether you need the 6-months validity on your visa, simply contact your local DMV or call IL Department Of State Driver Services:

• Springfield: 217-782-6212


• Chicago: 312-814-2975

Anecdotally, this forum posts alludes that you do need the 6-months validity.

For Illinois, nformation regarding driving licences for immigrants with permanent resident status or a nonimmigrant visa is available here. The relevant conditions for your status appear to be:

• Are an alien lawfully admitted for permanent or temporary residence


• Have a valid, unexpired nonimmigrant visa or nonimmigrant visa status

To get an Illinois Driver's license you must:

• Visit a Driver Services Facility, show your identification, and have
  your photo taken; To find the Driver Services Facility near you, see
  the Secretary of State Facility Finder;


• Pass the vision, written, and driving tests;


• Pay the Fee.

This site also gives relevant information and a list of the documentation that must be provided. Note that two documents proving residency must be provided.

Neither of those sites appear to list a minimum residency period.

You don't need a Driver's license if you're just visiting for a couple months.

An international driver's license will do, and most often your own country's driver's license is all you need to rent a car. The international driver's license is only a translation of your driver's license in a bunch of other languages, and is meant to be presented with the actual license.