Fluvoxamine
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| Trade names | Faverin, Fevarin, Floxyfral, Dumyrox, Luvox |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682275 |
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| Routes of administration | Oral (tablets) |
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| Bioavailability | 53% (90% confidence interval: 44–62%)[1] |
| Protein binding | 80%[1] |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (via cytochrome P450 enzymes. Mostly via oxidative demethylation)[1] |
| Elimination half-life | 12–13 hours (single dose), 22 hours (repeated dosing)[1] |
| Excretion | Renal (98%; 94% as metabolites, 4% as unchanged drug)[1] |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.125.476  |
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| Formula | C15H21F3N2O2 |
| Molar mass | 318.335 |
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Fluvoxamine, sold under the brand name Luvox among others, is a medication which is used primarily for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD),[3] and is also used to treat major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.[4] Fluvoxamine CR (controlled release) is approved to treat social anxiety disorder in the United States.[5] It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)[6] and σ1 receptor agonist.
The FDA has added a black box warning for this drug in reference to increased risks of suicidal thoughts and behavior in young adults and children.
Contents
1 Medical uses
2 Adverse effects
3 Interactions
4 Pharmacology
5 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Medical uses
Fluvoxamine's only FDA approved indication is in the treatment of OCD,[7] although in other countries (e.g. Australia,[8] the UK,[9] and Russia[10]) it also has indications for major depressive disorder. In Japan it is currently approved to treat OCD, SAD and MDD.[11][12] Fluvoxamine has been found to be useful in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder, and other obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders. Fluvoxamine is indicated for children and adolescents with OCD.[13] The drug works long-term, and retains its therapeutic efficacy for at least a year.[14] It has also been found to possess some analgesic properties in line with other SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants.[15][16][17]
Some evidence shows fluvoxamine may be a helpful adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia, improving the depressive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of the disorder.[18] Its actions at the sigma receptor may afford it a unique advantage among antidepressants in treating the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.[19]
Adverse effects
Gastrointestinal side effects are more common in those receiving fluvoxamine than with other SSRIs.[20] Otherwise, fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs.[1][7][8][9][21][22]
- Common (1–10% incidence) adverse effects
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Weight loss
- Yawning
- Loss of appetite
- Agitation
- Nervousness
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Somnolence
- Tremor
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Palpitations
Tachycardia (high heart rate)- Abdominal pain
Dyspepsia (indigestion)- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Dry mouth
Hyperhidrosis (excess sweating)- Asthenia (weakness)
- Malaises
- Sexual dysfunction (including delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, etc.)
- Uncommon (0.1–1% incidence) adverse effects
- Hallucination
- Confusional state
- Extrapyramidal side effects (e.g. dystonia, parkinsonism, tremor, etc.)
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. oedema [buildup of fluid in the tissues], rash, pruritus)
- Arthralgia
- Rare (0.01–0.1% incidence) adverse effects
- Mania
- Seizures
- Abnormal hepatic (liver) function
- Photosensitivity (being abnormally sensitive to light)
- Galactorrhoea (expulsion of breast milk unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding)
- Unknown frequency adverse effects
Hyperprolactinaemia (elevated plasma prolactin levels leading to galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea [cessation of menstrual cycles], etc.)- Bone fractures
- Glaucoma
- Mydriasis
- Urinary incontinence
- Urinary retention
- Bed-wetting
Serotonin syndrome — a potentially fatal condition characterised by abrupt onset muscle rigidity, hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), rhabdomyolysis, mental status changes (e.g. coma, hallucinations, agitation), etc.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — practically identical presentation to serotonin syndrome except with a more prolonged onset
Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that presents itself with the inability to stay still- Paraesthesia
- Dysgeusia
- Haemorrhage
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Weight changes
- Suicidal ideation and behaviour
- Violence towards others[23]
- Hyponatraemia
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Interactions
Fluvoxamine inhibits the following cytochrome P450 enzymes:[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
CYP1A2 (strongly) which metabolizes agomelatine, amitriptyline, caffeine, clomipramine, clozapine, duloxetine, haloperidol, imipramine, phenacetin, tacrine, tamoxifen, theophylline, olanzapine, etc.
CYP3A4 (weakly) which metabolizes alprazolam, aripiprazole, clozapine, haloperidol, quetiapine, ziprasidone, etc.
CYP2D6 (weakly) which metabolizes aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clozapine, codeine, fluoxetine, haloperidol, olanzapine, oxycodone, paroxetine, perphenazine, pethidine, risperidone, sertraline, thioridazine, zuclopenthixol, etc.
CYP2C9 (moderately) which metabolizes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenytoin, sulfonylureas, etc.
CYP2C19 (strongly) which metabolizes clonazepam, diazepam, phenytoin, etc.
CYP2B6 (weakly) which metabolizes bupropion, cyclophosphamide, sertraline, tamoxifen, valproate, etc.
By so doing, fluvoxamine can increase serum concentration of the substrates of these enzymes.[24]
The plasma levels of oxidatively metabolized benzodiazepines (e.g., triazolam, midazolam, alprazolam and diazepam) are likely to be increased when co-administered with fluvoxamine. However the clearance of benzodiazepines metabolized by glucuronidation (e.g., lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam)[32][33] is unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine,[34] it appears that benzodiazepines metabolized by nitro-reduction (clonazepam, nitrazepam) are unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine as well.[35] Using fluvoxamine and alprazolam can increase alprazolam plasma concentrations.[36] If alprazolam is coadministered with fluvoxamine, the initial alprazolam dose should be reduced to the lowest effective dose.[37][38]
Fluvoxamine has been observed to increase serum concentrations of mirtazapine, which is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, by 3- to 4-fold in humans.[39] Caution and adjustment of dosage as necessary are warranted when combining fluvoxamine and mirtazapine.[39] Fluvoxamine seriously affects the pharmacokinetics of tizanidine and increases the intensity and duration of its effects. Because of the potentially hazardous consequences, the concomitant use of tizanidine with fluvoxamine, or other potent inhibitors of CYP1A2, should be avoided.[40]
Pharmacology
| Site | Ki (nM) |
|---|---|
| SERT | 11 |
| NET | 1,119 |
| 5-HT2C | 5,786 |
| α1-adrenergic | 1,288 |
| σ1 | 36 |
Fluvoxamine is a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with around 100-fold affinity for the serotonin transporter over the norepinephrine transporter.[25] It has negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter or any other site, with the sole exception of the σ1 receptor.[42][43] It behaves as a potent agonist at this receptor and has the highest affinity (36 nM) of any SSRI for doing so.[42] This may contribute to its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and may also afford it some efficacy in treating the cognitive symptoms of depression.[19] Contrary to Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine metabolites are inactive, without a significant effect on serotonin or norepinephrine uptake.[44]
History
Luvox (fluvoxamine) 100 mg film-coated scored tablets
Fluvoxamine was developed by Kali-Duphar,[45] part of Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Belgium, now Abbott Laboratories, and introduced as Floxyfral in Switzerland and Solvay in West Germany in 1983.[45] It was approved by the FDA on 5 December 1994 and introduced as Luvox in the US.[46] In India, it is available, among several other brands, as Uvox by Abbott.[47] It was one of the first SSRI antidepressants to be launched, and is prescribed in many countries to patients with major depression.[48] It was the first SSRI, a non-TCA drug, approved by the U.S. FDA specifically for the treatment of OCD.[49] At the end of 1995, more than ten million patients worldwide had been treated with fluvoxamine.[50] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be registered for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children by the FDA in 1997.[51] In Japan, fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be approved for the treatment of depression in 1999[52][53] and was later in 2005 the first drug to be approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder.[54] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom.[55]
See also
Clovoxamine, a chemically similar drug with a chlorine atom substituted for the CF3 substituent- Caproxamine
Demexiptiline, a tricyclic antidepressant with the same ketoxime termination chain as fluvoxamine
References
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External links
- Fluvoxamine consumer information from Drugs.com
