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The three altitudes of a triangle intersect at the orthocenter, which for an acute triangle is inside the triangle.

In geometry, an altitude of a triangle is a line segment through a vertex and perpendicular to (i.e., forming a right angle with) a line containing the base (the side opposite the vertex). This line containing the opposite side is called the extended base of the altitude. The intersection of the extended base and the altitude is called the foot of the altitude. The length of the altitude, often simply called "the altitude", is the distance between the extended base and the vertex. The process of drawing the altitude from the vertex to the foot is known as dropping the altitude at that vertex. It is a special case of orthogonal projection.

Altitudes can be used in the computation of the area of a triangle: one half of the product of an altitude's length and its base's length equals the triangle's area. Thus, the longest altitude is perpendicular to the shortest side of the triangle. The altitudes are also related to the sides of the triangle through the trigonometric functions.

In a right triangle, the altitude from each acute angle coincides with a leg and intersects the opposite side at (has its foot at) the right-angled vertex, which is the orthocenter.

In an isosceles triangle (a triangle with two congruent sides), the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will have the midpoint of that side as its foot. Also the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will be the angle bisector of the vertex angle.

It is common to mark the altitude with the letter h (as in height), often subscripted with the name of the side the altitude is drawn to.

In a right triangle, the altitude drawn to the hypotenuse c divides the hypotenuse into two segments of lengths p and q. If we denote the length of the altitude by h_c, we then have the relation

hc=pqdisplaystyle h_c=sqrt pq  (Geometric mean theorem)

The altitudes from each of the acute angles of an obtuse triangle lie entirely outside the triangle, as does the orthocenter H.

For acute and right triangles the feet of the altitudes all fall on the triangle's sides (not extended). In an obtuse triangle (one with an obtuse angle), the foot of the altitude to the obtuse-angled vertex falls in the interior of the opposite side, but the feet of the altitudes to the acute-angled vertices fall on the opposite extended side, exterior to the triangle. This is illustrated in the adjacent diagram: in this obtuse triangle, an altitude dropped perpendicularly from the top vertex, which has an acute angle, intersects the extended horizontal side outside the triangle.

Orthocenter

Three altitudes intersecting at the orthocenter

The three (possibly extended) altitudes intersect in a single point, called the orthocenter of the triangle, usually denoted by H.^[1][2] The orthocenter lies inside the triangle if and only if the triangle is acute (i.e. does not have an angle greater than or equal to a right angle). If one angle is a right angle, the orthocenter coincides with the vertex at the right angle.^[2]

Let A, B, C denote the vertices and also the angles of the triangle, and let a = |BC|, b = |CA|, c = |AB| be the side lengths. The orthocenter has trilinear coordinates^[3]

sec⁡A:sec⁡B:sec⁡C=cos⁡A−sin⁡Bsin⁡C:cos⁡B−sin⁡Csin⁡A:cos⁡C−sin⁡Asin⁡B,displaystyle sec A:sec B:sec C=cos A-sin Bsin C:cos B-sin Csin A:cos C-sin Asin B,

and barycentric coordinates

(a2+b2−c2)(a2−b2+c2):(a2+b2−c2)(−a2+b2+c2):(a2−b2+c2)(−a2+b2+c2)displaystyle displaystyle (a^2+b^2-c^2)(a^2-b^2+c^2):(a^2+b^2-c^2)(-a^2+b^2+c^2):(a^2-b^2+c^2)(-a^2+b^2+c^2)

=tan⁡A:tan⁡B:tan⁡C.displaystyle =tan A:tan B:tan C.

Since barycentric coordinates are all positive for a point in a triangle's interior but at least one is negative for a point in the exterior, and two of the barycentric coordinates are zero for a vertex point, the barycentric coordinates given for the orthocenter show that the orthocenter is in an acute triangle's interior, on the right-angled vertex of a right triangle, and exterior to an obtuse triangle.

In the complex plane, let the points A, B and C represent the numbers zAdisplaystyle z_A, zBdisplaystyle z_B and, respectively, zCdisplaystyle z_C and assume that the circumcenter of triangle ABC is located at the origin of the plane. Then, the complex number

zH=zA+zB+zCdisplaystyle z_H=z_A+z_B+z_C

is represented by the point H, namely the orthocenter of triangle ABC.^[4] From this, the following characterizations of the orthocenter H by means of free vectors can be established straightforwardly:

OH→=∑cyclicOA→,2⋅HO→=∑cyclicHA→.displaystyle vec OH=sum limits _scriptstyle rm cyclicvec OA,qquad 2cdot vec HO=sum limits _scriptstyle rm cyclicvec HA.

The first of the previous vector identities is also known as the problem of Sylvester, proposed by James Joseph Sylvester.^[5]

Properties

Let D, E, and F denote the feet of the altitudes from A, B, and C respectively. Then:

• The product of the lengths of the segments that the orthocenter divides an altitude into is the same for all three altitudes:^[6][7]

AH⋅HD=BH⋅HE=CH⋅HF.displaystyle AHcdot HD=BHcdot HE=CHcdot HF.

The circle centered at H having radius the square root of this constant is the triangle's polar circle.^[8]

• The sum of the ratios on the three altitudes of the distance of the orthocenter from the base to the length of the altitude is 1:^[9] (This property and the next one are applications of a more general property of any interior point and the three cevians through it.)

HDAD+HEBE+HFCF=1.displaystyle frac HDAD+frac HEBE+frac HFCF=1.

• The sum of the ratios on the three altitudes of the distance of the orthocenter from the vertex to the length of the altitude is 2:^[9]

AHAD+BHBE+CHCF=2.displaystyle frac AHAD+frac BHBE+frac CHCF=2.

• The isogonal conjugate of the orthocenter is the circumcenter of the triangle.^[10]

• The isotomic conjugate of the orthocenter is the symmedian point of the anticomplementary triangle.^[11]

• Four points in the plane, such that one of them is the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the other three, is called an orthocentric system or orthocentric quadrangle.

Relation with circles and conics

Denote the circumradius of the triangle by R. Then^[12][13]

a2+b2+c2+AH2+BH2+CH2=12R2.displaystyle a^2+b^2+c^2+AH^2+BH^2+CH^2=12R^2.

In addition, denoting r as the radius of the triangle's incircle, r_a, r_b, and r_c as the radii of its excircles, and R again as the radius of its circumcircle, the following relations hold regarding the distances of the orthocenter from the vertices:^[14]

ra+rb+rc+r=AH+BH+CH+2R,displaystyle r_a+r_b+r_c+r=AH+BH+CH+2R,

ra2+rb2+rc2+r2=AH2+BH2+CH2+(2R)2.displaystyle r_a^2+r_b^2+r_c^2+r^2=AH^2+BH^2+CH^2+(2R)^2.

If any altitude, for example, AD, is extended to intersect the circumcircle at P, so that AP is a chord of the circumcircle, then the foot D bisects segment HP:^[7]

HD=DP.displaystyle HD=DP.

The directrices of all parabolas that are externally tangent to one side of a triangle and tangent to the extensions of the other sides pass through the orthocenter.^[15]

A circumconic passing through the orthocenter of a triangle is a rectangular hyperbola.^[16]

Relation to other centers, the nine-point circle

The orthocenter H, the centroid G, the circumcenter O, and the center N of the nine-point circle all lie on a single line, known as the Euler line.^[17] The center of the nine-point circle lies at the midpoint of the Euler line, between the orthocenter and the circumcenter, and the distance between the centroid and the circumcenter is half of that between the centroid and the orthocenter:^[18]

OH=2NH,displaystyle OH=2NH,

2OG=GH.displaystyle 2OG=GH.

The orthocenter is closer to the incenter I than it is to the centroid, and the orthocenter is farther than the incenter is from the centroid:

HI<HG,displaystyle HI<HG,

HG>IG.displaystyle HG>IG.

In terms of the sides a, b, c, inradius r and circumradius R,^[19]

OH2=R2−8R2cos⁡Acos⁡Bcos⁡C=9R2−(a2+b2+c2),displaystyle OH^2=R^2-8R^2cos Acos Bcos C=9R^2-(a^2+b^2+c^2),^{[20]:p. 449}

HI2=2r2−4R2cos⁡Acos⁡Bcos⁡C.displaystyle HI^2=2r^2-4R^2cos Acos Bcos C.

Orthic triangle

Triangle abc (respectively, DEF in the text) is the orthic triangle of triangle ABC

If the triangle ABC is oblique (does not contain a right-angle), the pedal triangle of the orthocenter of the original triangle is called the orthic triangle or altitude triangle. That is, the feet of the altitudes of an oblique triangle form the orthic triangle, DEF. Also, the incenter (the center of the inscribed circle) of the orthic triangle DEF is the orthocenter of the original triangle ABC.^[21]

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the orthic triangle are given by

• D = 0 : sec B : sec C


• E = sec A : 0 : sec C


• 
  F = sec A : sec B : 0.

The extended sides of the orthic triangle meet the opposite extended sides of its reference triangle at three collinear points.^[22][23][21]

In any acute triangle, the inscribed triangle with the smallest perimeter is the orthic triangle.^[24] This is the solution to Fagnano's problem, posed in 1775.^[25] The sides of the orthic triangle are parallel to the tangents to the circumcircle at the original triangle's vertices.^[26]

The orthic triangle of an acute triangle gives a triangular light route.^[27]

The tangent lines of the nine-point circle at the midpoints of the sides of ABC are parallel to the sides of the orthic triangle, forming a triangle similar to the orthic triangle.^[28]

The orthic triangle is closely related to the tangential triangle, constructed as follows: let L_A be the line tangent to the circumcircle of triangle ABC at vertex A, and define L_B and L_C analogously. Let A" = L_B ∩ L_C, B" = L_C ∩ L_A, C" = L_C ∩ L_A. The tangential triangle is A"B"C", whose sides are the tangents to triangle ABC's circumcircle at its vertices; it is homothetic to the orthic triangle. The circumcenter of the tangential triangle, and the center of similitude of the orthic and tangential triangles, are on the Euler line.^{[20]:p. 447}

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the tangential triangle are given by

• A" = −a : b : c


• B" = a : −b : c


• 
  C" = a : b : −c.

For more information on the orthic triangle, see here.

Some additional altitude theorems

Altitude in terms of the sides

For any triangle with sides a, b, c and semiperimeter s = (a + b + c) / 2, the altitude from side a is given by

ha=2s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)a.displaystyle h_a=frac 2sqrt s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)a.

This follows from combining Heron's formula for the area of a triangle in terms of the sides with the area formula (1/2)×base×height, where the base is taken as side a and the height is the altitude from A.

Inradius theorems

Consider an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b, c and with corresponding
altitudes h_a, h_b, and h_c. The altitudes and the incircle radius r are related by^{[29]:Lemma 1}

1r=1ha+1hb+1hc.displaystyle displaystyle frac 1r=frac 1h_a+frac 1h_b+frac 1h_c.

Circumradius theorem

Denoting the altitude from one side of a triangle as h_a, the other two sides as b and c, and the triangle's circumradius (radius of the triangle's circumscribed circle) as R, the altitude is given by^[30]

ha=bc2R.displaystyle h_a=frac bc2R.

Interior point

If p₁, p₂, and p₃ are the perpendicular distances from any point P to the sides, and h₁, h₂, and h₃ are the altitudes to the respective sides, then^[31]

p1h1+p2h2+p3h3=1.displaystyle frac p_1h_1+frac p_2h_2+frac p_3h_3=1.

Area theorem

Denoting the altitudes of any triangle from sides a, b, and c respectively as hadisplaystyle h_a, hbdisplaystyle h_b, and hcdisplaystyle h_c, and denoting the semi-sum of the reciprocals of the altitudes as H=(ha−1+hb−1+hc−1)/2displaystyle H=(h_a^-1+h_b^-1+h_c^-1)/2 we have^[32]

Area−1=4H(H−ha−1)(H−hb−1)(H−hc−1).displaystyle mathrm Area ^-1=4sqrt H(H-h_a^-1)(H-h_b^-1)(H-h_c^-1).

General point on an altitude

If E is any point on an altitude AD of any triangle ABC, then^[33]:77–78

AC2+EB2=AB2+CE2.displaystyle AC^2+EB^2=AB^2+CE^2.

Special case triangles

Equilateral triangle

For any point P within an equilateral triangle, the sum of the perpendiculars to the three sides is equal to the altitude of the triangle. This is Viviani's theorem.

Right triangle

The altitude of a right triangle from its right angle to its hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the lengths of the segments the hypotenuse is split into. Using Pythagoras' theorem on the 3 triangles of sides (p + q, r, s), (r, h, p) and (s, h, q),
(p+q)2=r2+s2p2+2pq+q2=(h2+p2)+(h2+q2)2pq=2h2∴h=pqdisplaystyle beginaligned(p+q)^2quad &=quad ;,r^2quad +quad s^2\p^2!+2pq+q^2&=left(h^2!!+!p^2right)!+!left(h^2!!+!q^2right)\2pqqquad ,&=2h^2quad therefore h=sqrt pq\endaligned

In a right triangle the three altitudes h_a, h_b, and h_c (the first two of which equal the leg lengths b and a respectively) are related according to^[34][35]

1ha2+1hb2=1hc2.displaystyle frac 1h_a^2+frac 1h_b^2=frac 1h_c^2.

See also

• Triangle center


• Median (geometry)

Notes

References

• 
  Altshiller-Court, Nathan (2007) [1952], College Geometry, Dover Publications
  


• 
  Berele, Allan; Goldman, Jerry (2001), Geometry / Theorems and Constructions, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-087121-4
  


• 
  Johnson, Roger A. (2007) [1960], Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover, ISBN 978-0-486-46237-0
  


• 
  Smart, James R. (1998), Modern Geometries (5th ed.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-35188-3
  

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Altitude". MathWorld.


• 
  Orthocenter of a triangle With interactive animation


• 
  Animated demonstration of orthocenter construction Compass and straightedge.


• 
  Fagnano's Problem by Jay Warendorff, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.