Jyutping
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Jyutping
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| Jyutping | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Jyutping Romanization | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 粵拼 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 粤拼 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jyutping | Jyut6ping3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cantonese Yale | Yuhtping | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| This article is part of the series on the |
| Cantonese language |
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Yue Chinese |
Grammar |
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Orthography |
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Phonology |
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Jyutping (Chinese: 粵拼; Jyutping: Jyut6ping3; Cantonese pronunciation: [jỳːt̚.pʰēŋ]) is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanisation Scheme. The LSHK promotes the use of this romanisation system.
The name Jyutping (itself the Jyutping romanisation of its Chinese name, 粵拼) is a contraction consisting of the first Chinese characters of the terms Jyut6jyu5 (粵語, meaning "Cantonese speech") and ping3jam1 (拼音 "phonetic alphabet").
| Chinese romanization |
|---|
Mandarin |
Standard Chinese
|
Sichuanese
|
Wu |
Wenzhounese
|
Yue |
Cantonese
|
Southern Min |
Taiwanese, Amoy and related
|
Teochew
|
Eastern Min |
Fuzhou dialect
|
Northern Min |
Jian'ou dialect
|
Pu-Xian Min |
Putian dialect
|
Hainanese |
Haikou dialect
|
Wenchang dialect
|
Hakka |
Meixian dialect
|
Sixian dialect
|
Gan |
Chang-Du dialect
|
See also |
Other transliterations
|
By place
|
Contents
1 History
2 Initials
3 Finals
4 Tones
5 Comparison with Yale romanisation
6 Comparison with Cantonese pinyin
7 Examples
8 Jyutping input method
8.1 List of Jyutping keyboard input utilities
9 See also
10 Footnotes
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
The Jyutping system[1] marks a departure from all previous Cantonese romanisation systems (approximately 12, including Robert Morrison's pioneering work of 1828, and the widely used Standard Romanization, Yale and Sidney Lau systems) by introducing z and c initials and the use of eo and oe in finals, as well as replacing the initial y, used in all previous systems, with j.[2]
Initials[edit]
| b /p/ 巴 | p /pʰ/ 怕 | m /m/ 媽 | f /f/ 花 | |
| d /t/ 打 | t /tʰ/ 他 | n /n/ 那 | l /l/ 啦 | |
| g /k/ 家 | k /kʰ/ 卡 | ng /ŋ/ 牙 | h /h/ 蝦 | |
| gw /kʷ/ 瓜 | kw /kʷʰ/ 誇 | w /w/ 蛙 | ||
| z /ts/ 渣 | c /tsʰ/ 叉 | s /s/ 沙 | j /j/ 也 |
Finals[edit]
| aa /aː/ 沙 | aai /aːi̯/ 徙 | aau /aːu̯/ 梢 | aam /aːm/ 三 | aan /aːn/ 山 | aang /aːŋ/ 坑 | aap /aːp̚/ 圾 | aat /aːt̚/ 剎 | aak /aːk̚/ 客 |
| | ai /ɐi̯/ 西 | au /ɐu̯/ 收 | am /ɐm/ 心 | an /ɐn/ 新 | ang /ɐŋ/ 笙 | ap /ɐp̚/ 濕 | at /ɐt̚/ 失 | ak /ɐk̚/ 塞 |
| e /ɛː/ 些 | ei /ei̯/ 四 | eu /ɛːu̯/ 掉[1] | em /ɛːm/ 舐[2] | | eng /ɛːŋ/ 鄭 | ep /ɛːp̚/ 夾[3] | | ek /ɛːk̚/ 石 |
| i /iː/ 詩 | | iu /iːu̯/ 消 | im /iːm/ 閃 | in /iːn/ 先 | ing /eŋ/ 星 | ip /iːp̚/ 攝 | it /iːt̚/ 洩 | ik /ek̚/ 識 |
| o /ɔː/ 疏 | oi /ɔːy̯/ 開 | ou /ou̯/ 蘇 | | on /ɔːn/ 看 | ong /ɔːŋ/ 康 | | ot /ɔːt̚/ 喝 | ok /ɔːk̚/ 索 |
| u /uː/ 夫 | ui /uːy̯/ 灰 | | | un /uːn/ 寬 | ung /oŋ/ 鬆 | | ut /uːt̚/ 闊 | uk /ok̚/ 叔 |
| oe /œː/ 鋸 | eoi /ɵy̯/ 需 | | | eon /ɵn/ 詢 | oeng /œːŋ/ 商 | | eot /ɵt̚/ 摔 | oek /œːk̚/ 削 |
| yu /yː/ 書 | | | | yun /yːn/ 孫 | | | yut /yːt̚/ 雪 | |
| | | | m /m̩/ 唔 | | ng /ŋ̩/ 吳 | | | |
- Only the finals m and ng can be used as standalone nasal syllables.
^ ^ ^ Referring to the colloquial pronunciation of these words.
Tones[edit]
There are nine tones in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese. However, as three of the nine are entering tones (入聲, Jyutping: jap6sing1), which only appear in syllables ending with p, t, and k, they do not have separate tone numbers in Jyutping (though they do in Cantonese Pinyin; these are shown in parentheses in the table below).
Tone name | jam1ping4 (陰平) | jam1soeng5 (陰上) | jam1heoi3 (陰去) | joeng4ping4 (陽平) | joeng4soeng5 (陽上) | joeng4heoi3 (陽去) | gou1jam1jap6 (高陰入) | dai1jam1jap6 (低陰入) | joeng4jap6 (陽入) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 1 (7) | 3 (8) | 6 (9) |
| The tone name in English | high level or high falling | mid rising | mid level | low falling | low rising | low level | entering high level | entering mid level | entering low level |
Contour[3] | ˥ 55 / ˥˧ 53 | ˧˥ 35 | ˧ 33 | ˨˩ 21 / ˩ 11 | ˩˧ 13 | ˨ 22 | ˥ 5 | ˧ 3 | ˨ 2 |
| Character Example | 分／詩 | 粉／史 | 訓／試 | 焚／時 | 奮／市 | 份／是 | 忽／識 | 發／錫 | 佛／食 |
| Example | fan1／si1 | fan2／si2 | fan3／si3 | fan4／si4 | fan5／si5 | fan6／si6 | fat1／sik1 | faat3／sek3 | fat6／sik6 |
Comparison with Yale romanisation[edit]
Jyutping and the Yale Romanisation of Cantonese represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:
- The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, w.
- The vowel: aa (except when used alone), a, e, i, o, u, yu.
- The nasal stop: m, ng.
- The coda: i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.
But they differ in the following:
- The vowels eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping, whereas the eu represents both vowels in Yale.
- The initial j represents /j/ in Jyutping whereas y is used instead in Yale.
- The initial z represents /ts/ in Jyutping whereas j is used instead in Yale.
- The initial c represents /tsʰ/ in Jyutping whereas ch is used instead in Yale.
- In Jyutping, if no consonant precedes the vowel yu, then the initial j is appended before the vowel. In Yale, the corresponding initial y is never appended before yu under any circumstances.
- Jyutping defines three finals not in Yale: eu /ɛːu/, em /ɛːm/, and ep /ɛːp/. These three finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such as deu6 (掉), lem2 (舐), and gep6 (夾).
- To represent tones, only tone numbers are used in Jyutping whereas Yale traditionally uses tone marks together with the letter h (though tone numbers can be used in Yale as well).
Comparison with Cantonese pinyin[edit]
Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:
- The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, j, w.
- The vowel: aa, a, e, i, o, u.
- The nasal stop: m, ng.
- The coda: i (except for its use in the coda /y/ in Jyutping; see below), u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.
But they have some differences:
- The vowel oe represents both /ɵ/ and /œː/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping.
- The vowel y represents /y/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas both yu (used in the nucleus) and i (used in the coda of the final -eoi) are used in Jyutping.
- The initial dz represents /ts/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas z is used instead in Jyutping.
- The initial ts represents /tsʰ/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas c is used instead in Jyutping.
- To represent tones, the numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in Cantonese Pinyin, although the use of 1, 3, 6 to replace 7, 8, 9 for the checked tones is acceptable. However, only the numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping.
Examples[edit]
Traditional | Simplified | Romanization |
|---|---|---|
廣州話 | 广州话 | Gwong2zau1waa2 |
| 粵語 | 粤语 | Jyut6jyu5 |
| 你好 | 你好 | nei5 hou2 |
Sample transcription of one of the 300 Tang Poems:
春曉 孟浩然 | Ceon1 hiu2 Maang6 Hou6jin4 |
|---|---|
| 春眠不覺曉， | Ceon1 min4 bat1 gok3 hiu2, |
| 處處聞啼鳥。 | cyu3 cyu3 man4 tai4 niu5. |
| 夜來風雨聲， | Je6 loi4 fung1 jyu5 sing1, |
| 花落知多少？ | faa1 lok6 zi1 do1 siu2? |
Jyutping input method[edit]
The Jyutping method (Chinese: 粵拼輸入法) refers to a family of input methods based on the Jyutping romanization system.
The Jyutping method allows a user to input Chinese characters by entering the jyutping of a Chinese character (with or without tone, depending on the system) and then presenting the user with a list of possible characters with that pronunciation.
List of Jyutping keyboard input utilities[edit]
Online Jyutping Input Method (網上粵拼輸入法)- MDBG Type Chinese
Red Dragonfly (紅蜻蜓粵語拼音詞語輸入法)
LSHK Jyutping for Macintosh Mac OS X and OS 9 (The page also includes Yale input version 0.2)
Hong Kong Cantonese 2010 (via Microsoft Office IME 2010)
Canton Easy Input (粵語拼音輸入法)
Cantonese Phonetic IME (廣東話拼音輸入法) (also called 'Cantonese Phonetic IME (CPIME) Jyutping' in Windows 10[4])
See also[edit]
- Cantonese phonology
Footnotes[edit]
^ "The Jyutping Scheme". The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Cream (2008). "A System without a System: Cantonese Romanization Used in Hong Kong Place and Personal Names". Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics: 94–98.
^ MATTHEWS, S.; YIP, V. Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar; London: Routledge, 1994
^ FAQ: How to select Cantonese Phonetic IME (CPIME) in Windows 10
Further reading[edit]
Zee, Eric (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–60. ISBN 0521652367.
External links[edit]
- Jyutping Pronunciation Guide
粵語拼盤: Learning the phonetic system of Cantonese- Chinese Character Database (Phonologically Disambiguated According to the Cantonese Dialect)
The CantoDict Project is a dedicated Cantonese-Mandarin-English online dictionary which uses Jyutping by default- MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary (supports both Jyutping and Yale romanization)
Categories:
- Languages of Hong Kong
- Cantonese romanisation
- Writing systems introduced in 1993
- Romanization of Chinese
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