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Veterans of Foreign Wars
of the United States
	; Logo;
Abbreviation	VFW
Established	September 29, 1899; 119 years ago (1899-09-29)
Founder	James C. Putnam
Founded at	; Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Merger of	American Veterans of Foreign Service (organized on September 29, 1899, at Columbus, Ohio, U.S.) and the Army of the Philippines (organized on December 12, 1899, at Denver, Colorado, U.S., as the Colorado Society, Army of the Philippines)
Type	; 501(c)(19), war veterans organization
; Tax ID no.	44-0474290
Purpose	; Fraternal, patriotic, historical, charitable, and educational
Headquarters	406 West 34th Street,; Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Coordinates	39°04′01″N 94°35′28″W / 39.0668144°N 94.591009°W / 39.0668144; -94.591009
Area served	Worldwide
Membership .mw-parser-output .noboldfont-weight:normal; (2016)	1,234,985
Official language	; English
Commander-in-Chief	B. J. Lawrence (NM); Since July 25, 2018
Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief	William J. Schmitz (NY); Since July 25, 2018
Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief	Hal J. Roesch II (VA); Since July 25, 2018
National Council of Administration	63 voting members; 8 elected officers; ; 3 appointed officers; ; 52 elected members; ;
Main organ	VFW National Convention
Subsidiaries	VFW Auxiliary; ; Military Order of the Cootie; ; VFW National Home; ; VFW Foundation; ;
Affiliations	Student Veterans of America
Revenue ; (2015)	; US$98,724,340
Expenses ; (2015);	; US$89,099,521
Employees ; (2014)	224
Volunteers ; (2014)	3,000
Website	vfw.org
Formerly called	Army of the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico

With

‹ The template Infobox organization is being considered for merging. ›

The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States (VFW, or simply Veterans of Foreign Wars) is an American war veterans organization headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri.^[7] The Veterans of Foreign Wars was established by James C. Putnam on September 29, 1899, in Columbus, Ohio.^[2]^[1] The organization's membership consists of veterans who, as soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, and coast guardsmen served the United States in wars, campaigns, and expeditions on foreign soil or in hostile waters.^[5]

History

The VFW resulted from the amalgamation of several societies formed immediately following the Spanish–American War. In 1899, little groups of veterans returning from campaigning in Cuba and the Philippine Islands, founded local societies upon a spirit of comradeship known only to those who faced the dangers of that war side by side. Similar experiences and a common language drew them together.^[2] The American Veterans of Foreign Service (predecessor to the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States) was established in Columbus, Ohio, September 29, 1899, by Spanish‑American War veteran James C. Putnam.^[8] The Colorado Society, Army of the Philippines, was organized in Denver, Colorado, on December 12, 1899. Shortly thereafter, a society known as the Foreign Service Veterans was born in Pennsylvania. These organizations grew up side by side, increasing in scope and membership until 1913, when at an encampment held at Denver, they merged their interests and identities in a national organization now known as the VFW.^[2]

Purpose

The purpose of the VFW is to speed rehabilitation of the nation's disabled and needy veterans, assist veterans' widows and orphans and the dependents of needy or disabled veterans, and promote Americanism by means of education in patriotism and by constructive service to local communities. The organization maintains both its legislative service and central office of its national rehabilitation service in Washington. The latter nationwide program serves disabled veterans of all wars, members and nonmembers alike, in matters of U.S. government compensation and pension claims, hospitalization, civil-service employment preference, and etc."^[7]

The VFW Logo

Redesigned in November 2018, the official logo of the VFW includes an artistic representation of service stripes, easily recognizable insignia indicative of military service. Worn on most service uniforms, they denote length of service. As such, the first and leaner of the two service stripes represents the VFW's steadfast entry into its second century of service to America’s veterans, service members and their families. The second, broader stripe represents its first storied century of service, spanning back to 1899.

The bold letters and sharp angles of this text represent the strength and stability of the organization, and the clarity with which it works to fulfill our mission.

The use of vibrant red represents the danger its members have faced, the bloodshed they experienced and the energy with which the organization operates. The gallant gold represents members’ achievements, acts of valor and the unique VFW eligibility status they’ve earned. Further, it epitomizes our gold standard of service.

The custom upper case letters were especially designed with an extended width to symbolize an organization that is well established. Combined with a tight letter spacing, these letters visually build a solid and confident block that reflects the unified culture of our organization. In addition to the direct metaphor of the stripes, the visual progression leading to the build of the letter “V” represents their sustained and forward movement into achieving the VFW’s mission. In order to bring the acronym and title together, the gold stripes and the “V” from “VETERANS” have been carefully drawn to align on the same axis, emphasizing the element of continuity.

Great Seal

The Cross of Malta is the VFW's official emblem.^[9] The cross, radiating rays, and Great Seal of the United States together symbolize the character, vows and purposes distinguishing VFW as an order of warriors who have traveled far from home to defend sacred principles. Its eight points represent the beatitudes prescribed in the Sermon on the Mount: Blessed are the poor in spirit, the meek, the pure, the merciful, the peacemakers; blessed are they who mourn, seek righteousness and are persecuted for righteousness' sake. The eight-pointed Cross of Malta harks back to the Crusades, launched during the 12th century.^[10]

Eligibility

Membership in the VFW is restricted to any active or honorably discharged officer or enlisted person who is a citizen of the United States and who has served in its armed forces "in any foreign war, insurrection or expedition, which service shall be recognized by the authorization or the issuance of a United States military campaign medal."^[7]

The following is a list of U.S. campaign medals, ribbons, and badges used by the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States to determine membership eligibility.^[11]

Eligibility Guide

Campaign Medal	Start Date	End Date
Navy Expeditionary	February 12, 1874	Open
Marine Corps Expeditionary	February 12, 1874	Open
Spanish Campaign	April 20, 1898	December 10, 1898
Army of Cuban Occupation	July 18, 1898	May 20, 1902
Army of Puerto Rican Occupation	August 14, 1898	December 10, 1898
Philippine Campaign	February 4, 1899	December 31, 1913
China Relief Expedition	April 5, 1900	May 27, 1901
Cuban Pacification	September 12, 1906	April 1, 1909
Mexican Service	April 12, 1911	June 16, 1919
First Nicaraguan Campaign	July 29, 1912	November 14, 1912
Haitian Campaign	April 9, 1915	June 15, 1920
Dominican Campaign	May 4, 1916	December 5, 1916
World War I Victory (with battle or service clasp – including Siberia and European Russia)	April 6, 1917	April 1, 1920
Army of Occupation of Germany	November 12, 1918	July 11, 1923
Second Nicaraguan Campaign	August 27, 1926	January 2, 1933
Yangtze Service	September 3, 1926	December 31, 1932
China Service	July 7, 1937	April 1, 1957
American Defense Service (with foreign service clasp)	September 8, 1939	December 7, 1941
Combat Infantryman Badge	December 6, 1941	Open
Combat Medical Badge	December 6, 1941	Open
Navy Combat Action	December 6, 1941	Open
European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign	December 7, 1941	November 8, 1945
American Campaign (30 consecutive or 60 non-consecutive days of duty outside continental limits of the U.S.)	December 7, 1941	March 2, 1946
Asiatic–Pacific Campaign	December 7, 1941	March 2, 1946
Navy Occupation Service	May 8, 1945	October 25, 1955
Army of Occupation (30 consecutive days of duty)	May 9, 1945	October 2, 1990
Korean Service	June 27, 1950	July 27, 1954
Korea Defense Service	July 28, 1954	Open
Vietnam Service	July 1, 1958	April 30, 1975
Armed Forces Expeditionary	July 1, 1958	Open
SSBN Deterrent Patrol Insignia	January 21, 1961	Open
Coast Guard Combat Action	May 1, 1975	Open
Southwest Asia Service	August 2, 1990	November 30, 1995
Air Force Expeditionary Service (with gold border)	October 1, 1999	Open
Kosovo Campaign	March 24, 1999	December 31, 2013
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary	September 11, 2001	Open
Afghanistan Campaign	September 11, 2001	Open
Air Force Combat Action	September 11, 2001	Open
Combat Action Badge	September 18, 2001	Open
Iraq Campaign	March 19, 2003	December 31, 2011
Inherent Resolve Campaign	June 15, 2014	Open

Support and Assistance Programs

The VFW offers a wide range of assistance programs aimed at helping veterans of every generation. Whether that means providing free, professional help filing or appealing a VA claim, offering scholarships for post-secondary education or providing emergency financial relief when times get tough, the VFW is there for America's veterans.

VA Claims and Separation Assistance

The VFW's National Veterans Service program consists of a nationwide network of VA accredited service officers and pre-discharge representatives who are experts in dealing with the VA and are the key to your success. Our cadre of highly-trained and professional advocates help veterans cut through bureaucratic red tape. VA reports veterans represented by the VFW have recoup $8.3 billion in earned benefits, including $1.4 billion in new claims in 2018 alone.^[12]

Pre-Discharge

With offices located on or near major military installations across the country, VFW Pre-Discharge representatives guide military personnel through the veterans claims process and conduct physical examinations prior to their separation from active duty. They are also ready to answer questions about education and medical benefits, as well as VA home loans.^[13]

Student Veteran Support

VFW's "Sport Clips Help A Hero Scholarship"

Established in 2014, the VFW's Help A Hero Scholarship provides service members and veterans with the financial assistance they need to complete their educational goals without incurring excessive student loan debt. It’s just another way for us to say “thank you” to those who fought for our freedoms.^[14]

1 Student Veteran

To help ensure student veterans receive their benefits in a timely manner and have a place to turn to if they need help, the VFW, in conjunction with the Student Veterans of America (SVA), have developed the 1 Student Veteran program. 1 Student Veteran offers direct assistance to student veterans who have questions or are experiencing problems accessing their VA benefits.^[15]

VFW-SVA Student Fellowship

The VFW-SVA Legislative Fellowship grants 10 exemplary student veterans (fellows) the chance to join the VFW legislative team on Capitol Hill during the VFW Legislative Conference in early spring each year. The fellows will walk the halls of Congress, educating their legislators on the issues facing today’s student veterans and have the opportunity to meet with policy-makers from federal agencies responsible for implementing veterans' policy.^[16]

Veterans and Military Support Programs

The VFW's Veterans & Military Support Programs is the umbrella for three successful, long-standing programs; Operation Uplink, Unmet Needs, and the Military Assistance Program (MAP). These initiatives focus on troop support.^[17]

Military Assistance Program

MAP is the link between the VFW and the community. MAP is designed to promote VFW interaction within the local military community through the Adopt-A-Unit Program. MAP Grants are available to posts, districts, and departments who participate in a variety of morale boosting functions such as farewell and welcome home events.^[17]

Operation Uplink

Operation Uplink keeps military members in contact with their loved ones by allowing deployed troops to call home at no charge from MWR internet cafés in Afghanistan, Kuwait and other locations all around the world. Operation Uplink also distributes "virtual pins" which enable wounded warriors and veterans in Veterans Affairs facilities to call from home at no cost.^[17]

Unmet Needs

M60 Main Battle Tank on display in front of C. Robert Arvin Post No. 2408, Veterans of Foreign Wars, at Ypsilanti, Michigan (2010)

Unmet Needs assists military service members and their families who run into unexpected financial difficulties as a result of deployment or other hardships directly related to military service. Assistance is in the form of a grant of up to US$1,500. Unmet Needs assists with basic life needs such as: mortgage and rent, home and auto repairs, insurance, utilities, food and clothing.^[17]

Programs

The good will of the VFW reaches far beyond the realm of veterans helping veterans.^[18] Promoting civic responsibility, patriotism, and supporting youth and local programs in communities across America are just a few of the many ways we give back to those who've afforded us our freedom.

Voice of Democracy

Each year, nearly 40,000 high school students from across the country enter to win a share of the US$2.1 million in educational scholarships and incentives awarded through the VFW's Voice of Democracy audio-essay competition.^[18] The national first-place winner receives a $30,000 scholarship.

Patriot's Pen

Patriot's Pen challenges students from grades 6-8, to enter to win one of 46 national awards totaling US$55,000, as well as $5,000 and an all-expense-paid trip to Washington, D.C. for the national first-place winner. Students draft a 300-400 word essay, expressing their views based on a patriotic, annual theme chosen by the VFW Commander-in-Chief.^[18]

Scout of the Year

Scout of the Year selects three young people – of the Boy or Girl Scouts, Sea Scouts or Venturing Crew – who have demonstrated practical citizenship in school, scouting and the community. The first-place winner receives a US$5,000 award, the second-place winner receives a US$3,000 award and the third-place winner receives US$1,000.^[18]

Teacher of the Year

Teacher of the Year recognizes three exceptional teachers for their outstanding commitment to teach Americanism and patriotism to their students. The VFW recognizes the nation's top classroom elementary, junior high and high school teachers who teach citizenship education topics – at least half of the school day in a classroom environment – and promote America's history, traditions and institutions effectively.^[18]

Community Service

The VFW celebrates Americanism in communities across the nation. Through local and national events, VFW members help others understand the sacrifices made by veterans and the importance of patriotism.^[18]

Notable members

Notable members of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States have included:^[19]^[20]

Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States

Harry Truman, 33rd President of the United States

Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States

John Kennedy, 35th President of the United States

Lyndon Johnson, 36th President of the United States

Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States

Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States

George Bush, 41st President of the United States

Albert Gore, Jr., 45th Vice President of the United States

Robert Kennedy, United States Senator from New York

Chuck Hagel, 24th United States Secretary of Defense

General John Pershing, 10th Chief of Staff of the United States Army

General Martin Dempsey, 18th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Major General Smedley Butler, Two-time Medal of Honor recipient

Sergeant Alvin York, Medal of Honor recipient World War I

First Lieutenant Audie Murphy, Medal of Honor recipient World War II

Carl Sandburg, Three-time Pulitzer Prize winner

Roger Staubach, Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee

References

^ ^a^b Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. pp. 29, 39, 92. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

^ ^a^b^c^d^e Proceedings of the 34th National Encampment of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States (Report). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Veteran. 1933. pp. 5, 31 – via Internet Archive.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

^ ^a^b Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. p. 225. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax." Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. Guidestar. August 31, 2015.

^ ^a^b Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. p. 7.

^ Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. p. 42.

^ ^a^b^c "Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2016.

^ Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. pp. 29, 38–40. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

^ Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. p. 44.

^ Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. p. 15. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

^ Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. pp. 56–61.

^ "VA Claims & Separation Benefits". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

^ "VA Claims & Separation Benefits". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

^ "Student Veteran Support". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

^ "Student Veteran Support". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

^ "Student Fellowship". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

^ ^a^b^c^d "National Military Services". Recruiter Success Pocket Guide [Brochure]. Kansas City, MO: Veterans of Foreign Wars. January 2014.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f "Programs". Recruiter Success Pocket Guide [Brochure]. Kansas City, MO: Veterans of Foreign Wars. January 2014.

^ Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. pp. 9, 16, 47, 90–91, 118, 104, 132, 204. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

^ Ford, Gerald R. (1979). A Time To Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 62. ISBN 0-06-011297-2. LCCN 78020162. OCLC 4835213. OL 4731652M.

External links

Official

Official website

Veterans of Foreign Wars on Facebook

Veterans of Foreign Wars on Google+

Veterans of Foreign Wars on Instagram

Veterans of Foreign Wars on Pinterest

Veterans of Foreign Wars on Twitter

Veterans of Foreign Wars's channel on YouTube

"2017 Annual Report" (PDF).

General information

Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States at The Online Books Page

United States of America Vietnam War Commemoration at the Department of Defense Vietnam War Commemoration Program Office

Veterans of Foreign Wars articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune

Veterans of Foreign Wars National Home for Children in Eaton Rapids, Michigan

Veterans of Foreign Wars politician members at The Political Graveyard

Works by or about Veterans of Foreign Wars at Internet Archive

Works by or about Veterans of Foreign Wars in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

[Mason1999pp29,39,92-1] Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. pp. 29, 39, 92. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

[VFW1933pp5,31-2] Proceedings of the 34th National Encampment of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States (Report). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Veteran. 1933. pp. 5, 31 – via Internet Archive.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[Mason1999p225-3] Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. p. 225. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

[990-2014-4] "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax." Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. Guidestar. August 31, 2015.

[2018VFWPEp7-5] Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. p. 7.

[2018VFWPEp42-6] Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. p. 42.

[Encyclopædia_Britannica-7] "Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2016.

[8] Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. pp. 29, 38–40. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

[9] Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. p. 44.

[10] Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. p. 15. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

[11] Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Congressional Charter, National By-Laws, Manual of Procedure and Ritual (2018 Podium ed.). Kansas City, Missouri: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2017. pp. 56–61.

[12] "VA Claims & Separation Benefits". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[13] "VA Claims & Separation Benefits". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[14] "Student Veteran Support". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[15] "Student Veteran Support". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[16] "Student Fellowship". www.vfw.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[VFWNMS2014-17] "National Military Services". Recruiter Success Pocket Guide [Brochure]. Kansas City, MO: Veterans of Foreign Wars. January 2014.

[VFWP2014-18] "Programs". Recruiter Success Pocket Guide [Brochure]. Kansas City, MO: Veterans of Foreign Wars. January 2014.

[19] Mason, Jr., Herbert Molloy (1999). VFW: Our First Century. Foreword by Senator Chuck Hagel. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. pp. 9, 16, 47, 90–91, 118, 104, 132, 204. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943. OCLC 777720483 – via Addax Publishing Group.

[20] Ford, Gerald R. (1979). A Time To Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 62. ISBN 0-06-011297-2. LCCN 78020162. OCLC 4835213. OL 4731652M.

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