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Merrie Melodies
The classic Merrie Melodies title card from the 1937–38 season.
Directed by	Tex Avery Bob Clampett Art Davis Friz Freleng Hugh Harman Rudolf Ising Chuck Jones Robert McKimson Frank Tashlin More...
Produced by	Hugh Harman Rudolf Ising Leon Schlesinger Eddie Selzer John Burton David H. DePatie Friz Freleng William L. Hendricks
Story by	Warren Foster Tedd Pierce Michael Maltese More...
Voices by	Mel Blanc June Foray Arthur Q. Bryan Bea Benaderet Stan Freberg More...
Music by	Carl Stalling Milt Franklyn William Lava More...
Animation by	Ken Harris Rod Scribner Gerry Chiniquy Virgil Ross Ben Washam Bill Meléndez More...
Layouts by	Maurice Noble Hawley Pratt Robert Gribbroek More...
Backgrounds by	Paul Julian Pete Alvarado Philip DeGuard More...
Studio	Harman-Ising Productions Leon Schlesinger Productions Warner Bros. Cartoons DePatie–Freleng Enterprises Format Productions Warner Bros.-Seven Arts Animation Warner Bros. Animation
Distributed by	Warner Bros. The Vitaphone Corporation Vitagraph Company of America
Release date(s)	1931–1969 (original) 1988–1991 (revival)
Color process	B&W (1931–1934) 2-strip Technicolor (1934–1936) 3-strip Technicolor (1936–1969; 1988-1991) Cinecolor (1934; 1947–1949)
Running time	6–10 minutes (one reel)
Country	United States
Language	English
Preceded by	Looney Tunes
Followed by	None

Merrie Melodies is an American animated cartoon series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1931 to 1969, during the golden age of American animation. As with its sister series, Looney Tunes, it featured some of the most famous cartoon characters ever created, including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig and Elmer Fudd.

Merrie Melodies was originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures from 1931 to 1933, and then Leon Schlesinger Productions from 1933 to 1944. Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons continued production until 1963. It was outsourced to DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and Format Productions from 1964 to 1967, and Warner Bros.-Seven Arts Animation resumed production for its final two years.^[1]

Three of the Merrie Melodies films (Tweetie Pie, Speedy Gonzales and Birds Anonymous) won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film and another three (Duck Amuck, One Froggy Evening and What's Opera, Doc?) have been inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress.^[2][3][4][5]

In 2013, TV Guide ranked the Warner Bros. Cartoons (ranked as Looney Tunes) the third Greatest Cartoon of All Time (out of 60).^[6]

Background

Producer Leon Schlesinger had already produced one cartoon in the Looney Tunes series, based on music, and its success prompted him to try to sell a sister series to Warner Bros. His selling point was that the new cartoons would feature music from the soundtracks of Warner Bros. films and would thus serve as advertisements for Warner Bros. recordings and sheet music. The studio agreed, and Schlesinger dubbed the series Merrie Melodies. Walt Disney Productions had already scored with their Silly Symphonies. Since cartoon production usually began with a soundtrack, animating a piece of music made it easier to devise plot elements and even characters.

The origins of the Merrie Melodies series begin with the failure of a live action series of musical shorts called Spooney Melodies, which featured popular songs of the day. These shorts were basically an early type of music video that included segments with a popular artist singing along with appropriate background sequences. Warner Bros. wanted to promote this music because they had recently acquired (in 1930) the ownership of Brunswick Records along with four music publishers for US $28 million. Because of the success of their Looney Tunes series, Warner Bros. decided to develop a new series of animated musical shorts called Merrie Melodies. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising led the development. It was meant to be a series of musical cartoons that featured hit songs of the day, especially those then owned by Warner Bros. and featured in their musical films. In 1931, many of the shorts featured the orchestra of Abe Lyman, one of the most famous band leaders of his day.

The first cartoon of the new Merrie Melodies series was Lady, Play Your Mandolin!, released in 1931.^[1] Ising attempted to introduce several characters in his Merrie Melodies films, such as Piggy, Foxy, and Goopy Geer. Eventually however, the series continued without any recurring characters. The shorts proved to be enormously popular with the public. In 1932, a Merrie Melodies cartoon, entitled It's Got Me Again!, was nominated for the first Academy Award to be given for animation.

When Harman and Ising left Warner Bros., in 1933, they took with them all rights to the characters they had created. Leon Schlesinger had to negotiate with them to keep the rights to the name Merrie Melodies, as well as for the right to use the slogan, So Long Folks, at the end of the cartoons. In 1934, Schlesinger produced his first color Merrie Melodies shorts, Honeymoon Hotel and Beauty and the Beast, which were produced in two-strip Cinecolor (Disney then had exclusive animation rights to the richer three-strip Technicolor process).^[7] Their success convinced Schlesinger to produce all future Merrie Melodies shorts in color, using two-strip Technicolor. Looney Tunes continued in black and white until 1943. In 1936, the cartoons began to end with the slogan "That's all Folks!" which had previously only been used on the Looney Tunes series. The old slogan "So Long, Folks!" was completely abandoned at this time. The same year, Merrie Melodies began using the bulls-eye opening and closing title sequences (in 1942, Looney Tunes would use the same titles, usually in thicker rings). Also by 1936, Disney's exclusivity on the three-color Technicolor process was lifted, allowing Merrie Melodies a full color palette for the first time, hence the use of the blue concentric rings (as a technical test) for the rest of the 1935–36 season and the 1936–37 season. The Warner Bros. shield was later that year changed to cyan before definitely changing back to red in 1938.

Contractually, Merrie Melodies cartoons were obligated to include at least one full chorus from a Warner Bros. song. Warner Bros. requested that these songs be performed by name bands whenever possible, but this lasted only through the first few shorts. The policy annoyed the animators of Merrie Melodies, since the songs often interrupted the cartoons' momentum and pacing (the 1938 Merrie Melodie A Feud There Was, for example, sarcastically uses the obligatory musical number as a shift in the action, with the lead characters singing the number into a KFWB microphone and ceding the mike to an announcer who reads a commercial). By 1939, the animators had been released from this obligation, and the Merrie Melodies shorts came to resemble more closely the black-and-white Looney Tunes series. In addition, several new characters were created to (initially) appear exclusively in the Merrie Melodies series, such as Egghead (who became Elmer Fudd), Inki, Sniffles, and even Warner Bros.' most popular cartoon star, Bugs Bunny.

In 1943, Schlesinger began producing Looney Tunes in color as well, and the two series became virtually indistinguishable except by their theme music and opening titles – in addition, characters once exclusive to one series began regularly appearing in the other as well. In 1944, the studio went to an all-color schedule; though for the first year of this, Bugs still appeared mainly in the Merrie Melodies series (not appearing in a Looney Tunes cartoon until the end of August), whereas Daffy Duck and Porky Pig (who each appeared in a few Merrie Melodies prior to mid-1942) appeared mainly in Looney Tunes that year. It was not until 1945 that the two series appeared completely indistinguishable, and that Bugs appeared in more Looney Tunes than Merrie Melodies.

By 1937, the theme music for Looney Tunes was "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" by Cliff Friend and Dave Franklin and the theme music for Merrie Melodies was an adaptation of "Merrily We Roll Along" by Charles Tobias, Murray Mencher and Eddie Cantor (the original theme was "Get Happy" by Harold Arlen, played at a faster tempo). This continued until 1964, when the WB cartoon logos were modernized, and "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" became the theme for the Merrie Melodies as well. When the studio went to full color, even the animators themselves did not make any creative distinction between the two series, as evidenced in an interview quote from director Friz Freleng, "I never knew if a film I was making would be Looney Tunes or Merrie Melodies, and what the hell difference would it make, anyway?". The last Merrie Melodies cartoon was Injun Trouble released in 1969. The Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons didn't start up again until 1988 with only two cartoons made, The Night of the Living Duck (1988) and (Blooper) Bunny (1991), the former got a theatrical release through the compilation film Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) and the latter was originally supposed to be released in 1991 but got shelved for several years until it premiered on Cartoon Network on June 13, 1997.

Blue Ribbon reissues

1955–56 season rings with Blue Ribbon version of Merrie Melodies opening titles, taken from Kit for Cat, one of only five post-1948 era credit-less Blue Ribbon and the only that was originally a Looney Tunes short.

Beginning in late 1943, WB, in a cost-conserving effort, began to reissue its backlog of color cartoons under a new program that they called Merrie Melodies "Blue Ribbon" classics. For the reissue, the original front-and-end title sequences were altered. The revised main title card began with the "zooming" WB logo, followed by the title logo set against a background featuring a "blue ribbon" (hence the re-release program's title) and a Grand Shorts Award trophy, followed by the name of the cartoon. This revised title sequence eliminated the opening technical credits. The end title card was also revised (except for the 1943–44 season and half of the 1944–45 season of reissues, such as A Wild Hare and I Love to Singa when Schlesinger was still producing the cartoons), replacing the original versions.

The revised title sequences were edited right into the original negative^{[citation needed]}, thus the original title sequences were cut away and possibly scrapped^{[citation needed]}. Some of these same revised "blue ribbon" reissues can still be seen on television today. For example, the "Blue Ribbon" version of the Bugs Bunny short A Wild Hare was retitled The Wild Hare for reissue, along with some slight subtle edits (the original unaltered version has been released on LaserDisc, DVD and Blu-ray Disc).

Filmography

Accolades

Inducted into the National Film Registry

• 
  What's Opera, Doc? (1957), inducted in the 1992 list.^[5] "In this animation classic, Elmer Fudd's pursuit of Bugs Bunny is set to opera music and plays out on a Wagnerian scale. The film features such now-classic lines as "Kill the wabbit!" and is one of only three cartoons in which Elmer Fudd bests his rival Bugs. Directed by renowned animator Chuck Jones and his team at Warner Bros., this seven-minute short film is often considered to be Jones' cinematic masterpiece. It also holds the distinction of being the first cartoon selected for inclusion on the National Film Registry."^[8]


• 
  Duck Amuck (1953), inducted in the 1999 list.^[5] The description reads: "One of the defining examples of Chuck Jones' irreverent creativity, "Duck Amuck" (a Warner Bros. "Merrie Melodies" animation) stars Daffy Duck, as brought to life by master voice artist Mel Blanc. Jones' gives the audience a convincingly fleshed-out character with true personality, regardless of plot or setting. Daffy begins the film as a Musketeer before his animators get the best of him by forgetting to draw in his backgrounds or supply him his voice. Extraordinarily self-reflexive, "Duck Amuck" does more than pierce film's fourth wall, it demolishes it, full send Daffy on a series of surreal misadventures."^[8]


• 
  One Froggy Evening (1955), inducted in the 2003 list.^[5] The description reads: "A cartoon on every short list of the greatest animation, this classic Chuck Jones creation features crooning amphibian Michigan J. Frog, who drives his owner insane by singing only in private, but never in public."^[8]

Academy Awards for Best Short Subject (Cartoon)

• 
  Tweetie Pie (1947)^[2]


• 
  Speedy Gonzales (1955)^[3]


• 
  Birds Anonymous (1957)^[4]

Academy Award nominations

• 
  It's Got Me Again! (1932)


• 
  Detouring America (1939)


• 
  A Wild Hare (1940)^[9]


• 
  Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt (1941)^[10]


• 
  Rhapsody in Rivets (1941)


• 
  Pigs in a Polka (1943)


• 
  Greetings Bait (1943)


• 
  Life with Feathers (1945)


• 
  Walky Talky Hawky (1946)


• 
  Canary Row (1950) (withdrawn)


• 
  Beep Prepared (1961)


• 
  Nelly's Folly (1961)

Home video availability

These cartoons can also be found as extras on DVDs of classic Warner Bros. films of the period:

• 
  Billboard Frolics is on the DVD of Captain Blood
  


• 
  The Coo-Coo Nut Grove is on the DVD of The Petrified Forest
  


• 
  I'm a Big Shot Now is on the DVD of Bullets or Ballots
  


• 
  Bingo Crosbyana is on the DVD of Swing Time (film)
  


• 
  Ain't We Got Fun is on the DVD of The Life of Emile Zola
  


• 
  Egghead Rides Again is on the DVD of Kid Galahad (1937 film)
  


• 
  September in the Rain is on the DVD of Carefree
  


• 
  Bars and Stripes Forever is on the DVD of Invisible Stripes
  


• 
  Old Glory is on the DVD of The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
  


• 
  Thugs with Dirty Mugs is on the DVD of The Roaring Twenties
  


• 
  Busy Bakers is on the DVD of Brother Orchid
  


• 
  Cross Country Detours is on the DVD of Virginia City
  


• 
  A Wild Hare is on the DVD of Torrid Zone
  


• 
  Stage Fright is on the DVD of City for Conquest
  


• A Tale of Two Kitties is on the DVD of They Died with Their Boots On


• 
  Fox Pop is on the DVD of Kings Row
  


• 
  Fin 'N Catty is on the DVD of Old Acquaintance
  


• 
  Greetings Bait is on the DVD of Action in the North Atlantic
  


• 
  Fresh Hare and What's Cookin' Doc? is on the DVD of Captains of the Clouds
  


• 
  The Weakly Reporter is on the DVD of Passage to Marseille
  


• 
  Russian Rhapsody is on the DVD of Uncertain Glory
  


• 
  Holiday for Shoestrings is on the DVD of Without Reservations
  


• 
  Hollywood Daffy is on the DVD of All This, and Heaven Too
  


• 
  Bacall to Arms is on the DVD of To Have and Have Not
  


• 
  Slick Hare is on the DVD of Dark Passage
  


• 
  I Taw a Putty Tat is on the DVD of Romance on the High Seas
  


• 
  Hot Cross Bunny and 8 Ball Bunny is on the DVD of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
  


• 
  Homeless Hare is on the DVD of White Heat
  


• 
  Strife with Father is on the DVD of The Flame and the Arrow
  


• 
  His Bitter Half is on the DVD of The West Point Story
  


• 
  A Hound for Trouble is on the DVD of On Moonlight Bay
  


• 
  Terrier Stricken is on the DVD of April in Paris (film)
  


• 
  Muscle Tussle is on the DVD of Trouble Along the Way
  


• 
  Much Ado About Nutting is on the DVD of South Sea Woman
  


• 
  Captain Hareblower is on the DVD of Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N.
  


• 
  Beep Prepared is on the DVD of Splendor in the Grass
  


• 
  Nelly's Folly is on the DVD of Sex and the Single Girl
  

See also

• Looney Tunes


• Warner Bros. Cartoons


• 
  Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography
  
  • Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1929–39)
  
  
  • Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1940–49)
  
  
  • Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–59)
  
  
  • Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1960–69)
  
  
  • Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1970–present and miscellaneous)
  
  


• List of Warner Bros. cartoons with Blue Ribbon reissues

References

• Beck, Jerry and Friedwald, Will (1989): Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Company.


• Goldmark, Daniel (2005). Tunes for ’Toons : Music and the Hollywood Cartoon. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  ISBN 0-520-23617-3
  


• Schneider, Steve (1990). That's All Folks!: The Art of Warner Bros. Animation. Henry Holt & Co.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merrie Melodies.

• The Big Cartoon Database entry for Merrie Melodies