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Willet
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Scolopacidae
Genus:	Tringa
Species:	T. semipalmata
Binomial name
Tringa semipalmata Gmelin, 1789
Subspecies
T. s. semipalmata eastern willet T. s. inornata western willet
Synonyms
Scolopax semipalmatus Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Totanus semipalmatus

The willet (Tringa semipalmata), formerly in the monotypic genus Catoptrophorus as Catoptrophorus semipalmatus,^[2][3] is a large shorebird in the Scolopacidae family. It is a relatively large and robust sandpiper, and is the largest of the species called "shanks" in the genus Tringa. Its closest relative is the lesser yellowlegs, a much smaller bird with a very different appearance apart from the fine, clear, and dense pattern of the neck, which both species show in breeding plumage. It breeds in North America and the West Indies and winters in southern North America, Central America, the West Indies and South America.

Taxonomy, subspecies and distribution

The willet was formerly regarded as being in the monotypic genus Catoptrophorus but recent studies indicate that it is better placed with the "shanks" of the genus Tringa.^[4] It has been suggested that the two subspecies be treated as separate species as there are clear differences in distribution, behaviour, morphology and genetics but this has yet to be widely adopted.^[5]

The two subspecies are:

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  T. s. inornata (Brewster, 1887): breeds from the Prairie Provinces of Canada south to north-eastern California, northern Colorado and western Nebraska; winters mainly on the Pacific coasts from the southern United States from coastal S USA to northern South America as far south as northern Chile. Some winter on the Atlantic coast southwards from the southern United States.^[4]


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  T. s. semipalmata (Gmelin, 1789): breeds from southern Newfoundland and along the Atlantic coast of the United States into the Gulf of Mexico, including the Caribbean Islands; winters in the West Indies and along the eastern coast of South America as far south as southern Brazil and Argentina. There are no documented records of this taxon wintering in the United States.^[6]

The willet is a very rare vagrant to Europe with records from the Azores, mainland Portugal, France, Norway and Finland. The Portuguese record from Alcochete near Lisbon on 29 April 2009 showed characteristics of the Eastern willet.^[7]

Physical description

The willet is an inelegant and heavily built shorebird with a structure similar to that of the common redshank but being larger in size than the greater yellowlegs while resembling a godwit in flight with black primary coverts and primaries contrasting with a broad white band, white secondaries with a white rump and gray tail band. The black underwing coverts may be conspicuous in flight. Willets are identified on the ground by their grey legs and shortish, heavy but straight bill. The plumage is grey above with a white rump, and white below with a distinct white area above the lores and a narrow whitish eyering giving the bird a spectacled appearance. The underparts are white. In breeding plumage the bird shows brown barring on the upperparts. Non breeding birds are plainer. It has a length of 330-410mm with a wing span of up to 444mm.^[8]

Voice

The willet's name is onomatopoeic and refers to it loud peircing "pill-will-willet" territorial song.,^[9] which is higher pitched and repeated at a faster rate in Eastern willets than in Western birds.^[10] Other calls include a predator response call given by breeding birds which is a repeated, staccato "kleep", while non breeding birds alarms include a high, pitched anxious "kip-kip=viek" call and a "kreei" call. They also have a distinctive call when crossing another willet's territory and this "klay-dir" call is also used as a contact call when willets are migrating.^[10]

Habitat

Two subspecies (which may actually be different species)^[11] have very different breeding habitats. The eastern willet breeds in coastal saltmarshes while the western willet breeds in freshwater prairie marshes, sloughs, potholes and other inland wetlands. In winter both subspecies are coastal birds being found on both rocky and sandy coasts as well as on mudflats and in coastal marshes.^[10]

Habits

Willets are flexible in their feeding habits and hunt by walking steadily and pecking prey from the substrate, although they also probe into the mud or silt with their sensitive bill and may actively stalk larger prey in shallow water. A favoured prey on the coasts are small fiddler crabs as well as mole crabs, worms, clams and other invertebrates, they have also been known to eat plant material. Willets also actively hunt more mobile prey such as fish and aquatic insects in the water and will wade up to their bellies to pursue such prey. The sensitive bill means that willets can hunt at night as well as during the day. They are territorial both on the breeding grounds and on the wintering areas but form loose breeding colonies or wintering groups. When displaying the wings are held stiffly and downcurved in flight while on the ground the display gives prominence to the distinctive pattern of the underwings. They are normally nervous birds, with the birds closer to the landward edge of a saltmarsh being the first to utter their alarm calls, in a manner reminiscent of the common redshank in Europe, although some individuals may be approachable.^[10][8][9] They often use rocks, trees or fence posts to perch on.^[9]

The male normally leads the female through the territory and creates trial nest scrapes for the female to consider until she selects the site. The nest is a shallow depression is scraped out by the birds using their feet and breast, it measures 15 cm across and 5 cm deep. It is placed among grass close to the waters edge in western willets and in saltmarsh or sand dunes in eastern willets. If the nest is placed among grass the female may pull grass stalks over the nest for camouflage. Fine grass leaves and small pebbles may be used to line the nest and grass lining may be brought from some distance where the nest is on bare ground. The male and female may form a long term monogamous bond and return to the same territory in successive breeding seasons. The male defends the territory from other willets, challenging his neighbours with a rirualized walk along the mutual boundary of their territort, and often this leads to fights. Both sexes incubate the eggs for 22–29 days, although the male tends to incubate at night, the female departs from the territory before the precocial young are fledged leaving them in the care of the male for the last two weeks or so before they fledge.^[10][12][9]

Conservation

The willet is still common in some parts of its range despite an apparent decline since the 1960s and it is considered to be a species which is at risk of becoming threatened or endangered without conservation action. The western subspecies is threatened by the conversion of native grasslands and drainage of wetlands for agriculture while the wintering habiatat has been degraded locally in California by coastal development. Willets are also vulnerable to being killed by colliding with power lines laid through their wetland breeding areas. The passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918 protected the willet from intensive exploitation by hunters for food and allowed its numbers to rebound to present levels.^[10] There are a total of 250,000 willets in North America, of which 150,000 were counted from the western flyway, and 90,000 in the eastern. Since the Western willet winters in the east then that means that there are probably much less than 90,000 Eastern willets.^[6]

Gallery

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  Breeding plumage, North Carolina
  

  
  

  
  


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  After catching a fish in Manuel Antonio National Park, Costa Rica
  

  
  

  
  


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  Willet, North Carolina
  

  
  

  
  


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  In flight, showing the bold underwing pattern
  

  
  

  
  


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  Bodega Bay, California. April 2017.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Foster City, California. September 2017.
  

  
  

  
  

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to the willet.

Wikispecies has information related to Tringa semipalmata

• Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection: Willet fact sheet


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  Willet species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology


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  Willet - Catoptrophorus semipalmatus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter


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  Willet Bird Sound at Florida Museum of Natural History


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  "Willet media". Internet Bird Collection.
  


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  Willet photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)


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  Interactive range map of Catoptrophorus semipalmatus at IUCN Red List maps
  

http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/willet.htm