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Whimbrel
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Scolopacidae
Genus:	Numenius
Species:	N. phaeopus
Binomial name
Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Scolopax phæopus Linnaeus, 1758

The whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae. It is one of the most widespread of the curlews, breeding across much of subarctic North America, Asia and Europe as far south as Scotland.

The whimbrel is a migratory bird wintering on coasts in Africa, southern North America, South America, and South Asia into Australasia.^[1] It is also a coastal bird during migration.^[2] It is fairly gregarious outside the breeding season.

Description

This is a fairly large wader though mid-sized as a member of the curlew genus. The English name is imitative of the bird's call.^[3] The genus name Numenius is from Ancient Greek noumenios, a bird mentioned by Hesychius. It is associated with the curlews because it appears to be derived from neos, "new" and mene "moon", referring to the crescent-shaped bill. The species name phaeopus is the Medieval Latin name for the bird, from Ancient Greek phaios, "dusky" and pous, "foot".^[4]

It is 37–47 cm (15–19 in) in length, 75–90 cm (30–35 in) in wingspan, and 270–493 g (9.5–17.4 oz; 0.595–1.087 lb) in weight.^[5] It is mainly greyish brown, with a white back and rump (subspecies N. p. phaeopus and N. p. alboaxillaris only), and a long curved bill (longest in the adult female) with a kink rather than a smooth curve. It is generally wary.

The usual call is a rippling whistle, prolonged into a trill for the song.

The only similar common species over most of this bird's range are larger curlews. The whimbrel is smaller, has a shorter, decurved bill and has a central crown stripe and strong supercilia.

Subspecies

There are seven subspecies:^[6]

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  N. p. islandicus – Brehm, C.L., 1831: breeds mainly in Iceland, but also in Greenland, Faroe Islands and Scotland; winters mainly in West Africa, but ranges from southwestern Europe to Benin and Togo^[7][8][9]


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  N. p. phaeopus – (Linnaeus, 1758): nominate, found from Norway to north central Siberia
  


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  N. p. alboaxillaris – Lowe, 1921: found from western Kazakhstan to southwestern Siberia (rare, endangered)


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  N. p. rogachevae – Tomkovich, 2008: found in central Siberia


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  N. p. variegatus – (Scopoli, 1786): found in northeastern Siberia


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  N. p. rufiventris – Vigors, 1829: found in Alaska and northwestern Canada
  


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  N. p. hudsonicus – Latham, 1790: (Hudsonian curlew) found in Hudson Bay area to northeastern Canada

Ecology

This species feeds by probing soft mud for small invertebrates and by picking small crabs and similar prey off the surface. Before migration, berries become an important part of their diet. It has also been observed taking insects, specifically blue tiger butterflies.^[10]

The nest is a bare scrape on tundra or Arctic moorland. Three to five eggs are laid. Adults are very defensive of nesting area and will even attack humans who come too close.

Near the end of the 19th century, hunting on their migration routes took a heavy toll on this bird's numbers; the population has since recovered.

In the Ireland and Britain, it breeds in Scotland, particularly around Shetland, Orkney, the Outer Hebrides as well as the mainland at Sutherland and Caithness.

The whimbrel is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

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  Egg of whimbrel - MHNT
  

  
  

  
  


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  Inflight whimbrel in Lónsöræfi, Iceland
  

  
  

  
  


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  Numenius phaeopus, on migration, Fuerteventura
  

  
  

  
  


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  ID composite
  

  
  

  
  


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  Whimbrel stamp of the Faroe Islands
  

  
  

  
  

References

External links

Look up whimbrel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Numenius phaeopus.

Wikispecies has information related to Numenius phaeopus

• 
  Whimbrel Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology


• Whimbrel – Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.


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  Whimbrel – Numenius phaeopus – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter


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  Whimbrel Migration Studies – The Center for Conservation Biology, College of William and Mary & Virginia Commonwealth University


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  Numenius phaeopus in the Flickr: Field Guide Birds of the World
  


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  RSPB Birds by Name: Whimbrel
  


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  "Whimbrel media". Internet Bird Collection.
  


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  Whimbrel photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)


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  Interactive range map of Numenius phaeopus at IUCN Red List maps
  


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  Audio recordings of Whimbrel on Xeno-canto.