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Henry rifle
Type	Lever-action rifle
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Used by	United States (Union) Confederate States Polish National Government
Wars	American Civil War Indian Wars January Uprising
Production history
Designer	Benjamin Tyler Henry
Designed	1860
Manufacturer	New Haven Arms Company
Unit cost	$40[1]
Produced	1860–1866
No. built	c. 14,000
Specifications
Mass	9 lb 4 oz (4.2 kg)
Length	44.75 in (113.7 cm)
Barrel length	24 in (61 cm)
Caliber	.44 Henry rimfire
Action	breech-loading lever action
Feed system	15-round tubular magazine +1 round in the chamber

The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine rifle famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle of the American Wild West.

Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company. It was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War, favored for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West, notably in the hands of the Sioux and Cheyenne in their obliteration of Custer's U.S. Cavalry troops in June 1876.

Modern replicas are produced by A. Uberti Firearms and Henry Repeating Arms. Most are chambered in .44-40 Winchester or .45 Long Colt.^{[citation needed]}

History

patent drawing of the Henry rifle.

The original Henry rifle was a sixteen shot .44 caliber rimfire breech-loading lever-action rifle, patented by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860 after three years of design work.^[2] The Henry was an improved version of the earlier Volition, and later Volcanic. The Henry used copper (later brass) rimfire cartridges with a 216 grain (14.0 gram, 0.490 ounce) bullet over 25 grains (1.6 g, 0.056 oz.) of black powder. Production was very small (150 to 200 a month) until the middle of 1864.^{[citation needed]} Nine hundred were manufactured between summer and October 1862;^{[citation needed]} by 1864, production had peaked at 290 per month,^{[citation needed]} bringing the total to 8,000.^[3] By the time production ended in 1866, approximately 14,000 units had been manufactured.

For a Civil War soldier, owning a Henry rifle was a point of pride.^[4] Letters home would call them "Sixteen" or "Seventeen"-shooters, depending whether a round was loaded in the chamber.^{[citation needed]} Just 1,731 of the standard rifles were purchased by the government during the Civil War.^[5] The Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased a further 50. However 6,000 to 7,000 saw use by the Union on the field through private purchases by soldiers who could afford it.^{[citation needed]} The relative fragility of Henrys compared to Spencers hampered their official acceptance. Many infantry soldiers purchased Henrys with their reenlistment bounties of 1864. Most of these units were associated with Sherman's Western troops.

When used correctly, the brass-receiver rifles had an exceptionally high rate of fire compared to any other weapon on the battlefield. Soldiers who saved their pay to buy one believed it would help save their lives. Since tactics had not been developed to take advantage of their firepower, Henrys were frequently used by scouts, skirmishers, flank guards, and raiding parties rather than in regular infantry formations. Confederate Colonel John Mosby, who became infamous for his sudden raids against advanced Union positions, when first encountering the Henry in battle called it "that damned Yankee rifle that can be loaded on Sunday and fired all week."^[6] Since then that phrase became associated with the Henry rifle.^[7] Those few Confederate troops who came into possession of captured Henry rifles had little way to resupply the ammunition it used, making its widespread use by Confederate forces impractical. The rifle was, however, known to have been used at least in part by some Confederate units in Louisiana, Texas, and Virginia, as well as the personal bodyguards of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.^[8] According to firearms historian Herbert G. Houze, one man armed with a Henry rifle was the equivalent of 14 or 15 men equipped with single-shot guns.^[6]

Henry's rifle was probably used in the January Uprising by Count Jan Kanty Dzialynski in the Battle of Ignacew. In the memoirs from the epoch, it is reported that Dzialynski was shooting from a 16-shot rifle during the battle. Another user of Henry's rifle in the January Uprising was Paul Garnier d'Aubin, officer of the French 23rd Infantry Regiment.

Operation

Magazine in loading position, three Henry Flat cartridges, compare with .44-40 WCF round

The Henry rifle used a .44 caliber cartridge with 26 to 28 grains (1.7 to 1.8 g) of black powder.^[9] This gave it significantly lower muzzle velocity and energy than other repeaters of the era, such as the Spencer. The lever action, on the down-stroke, ejected the spent cartridge from the chamber and cocked the hammer. A spring in the magazine forced the next round into the follower; locking the lever back into position pushed the new cartridge into the chamber and closed the breech. As designed, the Henry lacked any form of safety. When not in use its hammer rested on the cartridge rim; any impact on the back of the exposed hammer could cause a chambered round to fire. If left cocked, it was in the firing position without a safety. Current Henry models will not fire if dropped or the hammer is released partially by accident. It can be safely carried with a chambered round both hammer cocked or hammer down. From owners manual "This firearm is designed with an ultra-safe patented Transfer Bar Safety Mechanism. This safety system prevents the gun from being fired under all circumstances, except when the hammer is fully cocked and the trigger is pulled. If the hammer is fully cocked and the trigger is pulled, the gun would fire as normal. However, if the hammer is fully cocked and is accidentally dislodged by some other means other than
the trigger being pulled, the gun will not fire. If the hammer is in the process of being cocked and is accidentally released and dropped into the fired down position, before it is fully cocked, the gun will not fire. This rifle can be safely carried fully loaded with the hammer in the fired down resting position. Please note that this rifle does not have a half
cock safety position nor a crossbolt safety."^[10]

To load the magazine, the shooter moves the cartridge-follower along the slot in the top portion of the magazine-tube and pivots it to the right to open the front-end of the magazine. Then, he loads the 15 cartridges one by one. When full, he pivots the top portion back and release the follower.

Legacy

While never issued on a large scale, the Henry rifle demonstrated its advantages of rapid fire at close range several times in the Civil War and later during the wars between the United States and the Plains Indians. Examples include the successes of two Henry-armed Union regiments at the Battle of Franklin against large Confederate attacks, as well as the Henry-armed Sioux and Cheyenne's destruction of the 7th Cavalry at Little Big Horn.

Manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, the Henry rifle evolved into the famous Winchester Model 1866 lever-action rifle. With the introduction of the new Model 1866, the New Haven Arms Company was renamed the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.

Reproductions

The unrelated Henry Repeating Arms produces a replica of the Model 1860 Henry Rifle with brass receiver and American walnut stock, but a modern steel barrel and internal components.^[11]

Uberti produces an almost exact copy Henry Model 1860 chambered in .44-40 Winchester or .45 Colt, rather than the original .44 Henry rimfire. Distributed by several companies, these replicas are popular among Cowboy Action Shooters and Civil War reenactors, as well as competition shooters in the North-South Skirmish Association(N-SSA).^{[12][citation needed]}

Gallery

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  Civil War 1860 Henry rifle
  

  
  

  
  


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  Henry rifle, receiver
  

  
  

  
  


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  Henry rifle, loading-lever, toggle-joint
  

  
  

  
  


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  1860 Henry and 1866 Winchester Musket
  

  
  

  
  


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  Modern replica Henry rifle
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• Colt Lightning Carbine


• Winchester rifle


• Spencer repeating rifle


• List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces


• Henry Carbine


• Repeating rifle

References

Notes

Bibliography

• 
  Hartford Michigan Military History.


• 
  American Rifleman, May 2008; (Henry Repeating Arms) founder, p. 26.


• Sword, Wiley. The Historic Henry Rifle: Oliver Winchester's Famous Civil War Repeater. Lincoln, Rhode Island : Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 2002.


• 
  Compared: .357 Mag. Henry Big Boy, Marlin 1894C and Uberti 1873 Rifles by Chuck Hawks.

External links

• Henry Repeating Arms Company - website of the modern Henry Repeating Arms Company