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Halifax
Halifax
	; Borough constituency; for the House of Commons;
	; Boundary of Halifax in West Yorkshire.;
	; Location of West Yorkshire within England.;
County	1832–1974: West Riding of Yorkshire; 1974–present: West Yorkshire;
Electorate	69,126 (December 2010)
Major settlements	; Halifax, Sowerby Bridge;
Current constituency
Created	1832
Member of parliament	; Holly Lynch (Labour)
Number of members	1832–1918: Two; 1918–present: One
Created from	Yorkshire
Overlaps
European Parliament constituency	Yorkshire and the Humber

Halifax is a constituency^{[n 1]} represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Holly Lynch of the Labour Party.^{[n 2]}

5 Elections
- 5.1 Elections in the 2010s
- 5.2 Elections in the 2000s
- 5.3 Elections in the 1990s
- 5.4 Elections in the 1980s
- 5.5 Elections in the 1970s
- 5.6 Elections in the 1960s
- 5.7 Elections in the 1950s
- 5.8 Elections in the 1940s
- 5.9 Elections in the 1930s
- 5.10 Elections in the 1920s
- 5.11 Elections in the 1910s
- 5.12 Elections in the 1900s
- 5.13 Elections in the 1890s
- 5.14 Elections in the 1880s
- 5.15 Elections in the 1870s
- 5.16 Elections in the 1860s
- 5.17 Elections in the 1850s
- 5.18 Elections in the 1840s

6 See also

7 Notes and references

8 Sources

Boundaries

1918-1983: The County Borough of Halifax.

1983-2010: The Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale wards of Illingworth, Mixenden, Northowram and Shelf, Ovenden, St John's, Skircoat, Sowerby Bridge, Town, and Warley.

2010-present: The Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale wards of Illingworth and Mixenden, Northowram and Shelf, Ovenden, Park, Skircoat, Sowerby Bridge, Town, and Warley.

This constituency covers the large town of Halifax in West Yorkshire and includes the smaller town of Sowerby Bridge which adjoins Halifax but until 1974 was a separate Urban District.

History

The parliamentary borough was granted in the Great Reform Act 1832 and returned from that year until 1918 two members. A county borough recognized the density of the developed area in 1888 which provided most functions for inhabitants, retaining the West Yorkshire ceremonial county. The municipal or county borough was under a mayor, five aldermen and 45 councillors and had an area of 13,967 acres (56.52 km²).^[2]

At the time of the Norman Conquest, Halifax formed part of the extensive manor of Wakefield, which belonged to the king, but in the 13th century was in the hands of John Earl de Warrenne aka. Earl of Surrey (1231–1304).^{[n 3]} The prosperity of the town began with the first woollen products workshop established here in 1414, when there are said to have been only thirteen houses, which before the end of the 16th century had increased to 520.^[2] Camden, about the end of the 17th century, wrote that "the people are very industrious, so that though the soil about it be barren and improfitable, not fit to live on, they have so flourished ... by the clothing trade that they are very rich and have gained a reputation for it above their neighbours."^[3] The manufacturing standards and trade were improved by the arrival of certain merchants and clothworkers driven from the Spanish Netherlands by the persecution by the Duke of Alva.^[3]

Halifax was a borough by prescription^{[n 4]} rather than a medieval parliamentary borough, its privileges^{[n 5]} growing up with the increased prosperity brought by the cloth trade, but it was not incorporated until 1848. From 1832 until 1918 the town's property-qualifying residents paying scot and lot returned two members to parliament.^{[n 6]}^[3]

Constituency profile

As of 2001, the town in the Pennines was relatively affluent, not afflicted by the high levels of unemployment, underemployment and crime seen in a few wards of the Yorkshire and Humber region but most constituents had modest incomes and there was some social housing in certain wards.^[4] Since 1987 the MP has been in the Labour Party; before that date for four years it was held by a Conservative MP, but generally since the Second World War it has been a Labour seat.

The Conservative Party launched their election manifesto at Dean Clough Mill, Halifax prior to the 2017 general election and targeted the seat fairly heavily, as the Labour majority in the seat had fallen to just 428 votes, or 1% of the total vote, two years prior; however, Lynch increased her majority by almost 5,000 votes, giving Labour their biggest majority in Halifax since 2001.

Members of Parliament

MPs 1832–1918

Election		1st Party		2nd Party
1832	Rawdon Briggs	Whig^[6]	Sir Charles Wood	Whig^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[6]^[12]
1835	James Stuart-Wortley	Conservative^[6]
1837	Edward Davis Protheroe	Radical^[12]^[13]^[14]
1847	Henry Edwards	Conservative
1852	Sir Francis Crossley	Radical^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]
1859	Sir James Stansfeld	Liberal		Liberal
1865			Edward Akroyd	Liberal
1874			John Crossley	Liberal
1877 by-election			John Dyson Hutchinson	Liberal
1882 by-election			Thomas Shaw	Liberal
1893 by-election			William Rawson Shaw	Liberal
1895	Alfred Arnold	Conservative	William Rawson Shaw	Liberal
1897 by-election	Alfred Arnold	Conservative	Alfred Billson	Liberal
1900	Sir Savile Crossley	Liberal Unionist	John Henry Whitley	Liberal
1906	James Parker	Labour	John Henry Whitley	Liberal

MPs since 1918

Representation reduced to one member, 1918

	Member^[5]	Party
1918	John Henry Whitley	Liberal
1921	John Henry Whitley	Speaker
1928 by-election	Arthur Longbottom	Labour
1931	Gilbert Gledhill	Conservative
1945	Dryden Brook	Labour
1955	Maurice Macmillan	Conservative
1964	Shirley Summerskill	Labour
1983	Roy Galley	Conservative
1987	Alice Mahon	Labour
2005	Linda Riordan	Labour
2015	Holly Lynch	Labour

Elections

1840s – 1850s – 1860s – 1870s – 1880s – 1890s – 1900s – 1910s – 1920s – 1930s – 1940s – 1950s – 1960s – 1970s – 1980s – 1990s – 2000s – 2010s

Elections in the 2010s

Holly Lynch

General Election 2017: Halifax^[19]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Holly Lynch	25,507	52.7	+12.7
	Conservative	Chris Pearson	20,131	41.6	+2.6
	UKIP	Mark Weedon	1,568	3.2	-9.6
	Liberal Democrat	James Baker	1,070	2.2	-1.5
Majority			5,376	11.1	+10.1
Turnout			48,375	67.9	+5.8
	Labour hold		Swing	+5.0

General Election 2015: Halifax^[20]^[21]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Holly Lynch	17,506	40.0	+2.6
	Conservative	Philip Allott	17,078	39.0	+5.0
	UKIP	Liz Phillips	5,621	12.8	+11.3
	Liberal Democrat	Mohammad Ilyas	1,629	3.7	-15.4
	Green	Gary Scott	1,142	2.6	N/A
	Respect	Asama Javed	465	1.1	N/A
	Christian	Trevor Bendrien	312	0.7	N/A
Majority			428	1.0	-2.4
Turnout			43,753	62.1	+0.2
	Labour hold		Swing

General Election 2010: Halifax^[22]^[23]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour Co-op	Linda Riordan	16,278	37.4	-4.4
	Conservative	Philip Allott	14,806	34.0	+0.8
	Liberal Democrat	Elisabeth Wilson	8,335	19.1	+1.2
	BNP	Tom Bates	2,760	6.3	-0.3
	Independent Voice for Halifax	Diane Park	722	1.7	N/A
	UKIP	Jay Sangha	654	1.5	N/A
Majority			1,472	3.4	-5.4
Turnout			43,555	61.9	+0.9
	Labour hold		Swing	-2.6

Elections in the 2000s

General Election 2005: Halifax^[24]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour Co-op	Linda Riordan	16,579	41.8	−7.2
	Conservative	Kris Hopkins	13,162	33.2	−0.6
	Liberal Democrat	Michael Taylor	7,100	17.9	+3.3
	BNP	Geoff Wallace	2,627	6.6	N/A
	National Front	Tom Holmes	191	0.5	N/A
Majority			3,417	8.6
Turnout			39,659	61.1	+3.3
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	−3.3

General Election 2001: Halifax^[25]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Alice Mahon	19,800	49.0	−5.3
	Conservative	James Walsh	13,671	33.8	+1.7
	Liberal Democrat	John Durkin	5,878	14.6	+2.6
	UKIP	Helen Martinek	1,041	2.6	+1.0
Majority			6,129	15.2
Turnout			40,390	57.8	−12.7
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1990s

General Election 1997: Halifax^[26]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Alice Mahon	27,465	54.3	+10.8
	Conservative	Robert Light	16,253	32.1	-10.6
	Liberal Democrat	Edgar Waller	6,059	12.0	-0.7
	UKIP	Constance Whittaker	779	1.5	N/A
Majority			11,212	22.2	+21.4
Turnout			50,556	70.5
	Labour hold		Swing

General Election 1992: Halifax^[27]^[28]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Alice Mahon	25,115	43.5	+0.1
	Conservative	TR Martin	24,637	42.7	+1.4
	Liberal Democrat	Ian R. Howell	7,364	12.7	−2.6
	Independent Nationalist	Ron Pearson	649	1.1	+1.1
Majority			478	0.8	−1.3
Turnout			57,765	78.7	+1.0
	Labour hold		Swing	−0.6

Elections in the 1980s

General Election 1987: Halifax^[29]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Alice Mahon	24,741	43.38
	Conservative	Roy Galley	23,529	41.26
	Social Democratic	Laurence Cockcroft	8,758	15.36
Majority			1,212	2.13
Turnout				77.70
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing

General Election 1983: Halifax^[30]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Conservative	Roy Galley	22,321	40.85
	Labour	Shirley Summerskill	20,452	37.43
	Social Democratic	F. Cockroft	11,868	21.72
Majority			1,869	3.42
Turnout				75.11
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

Elections in the 1970s

General Election 1979: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Shirley Summerskill	21,416	43.79
	Conservative	J. Ford	20,182	41.27
	Liberal	Allen Clegg	6,853	14.01
	National Front	B. Wadsworth	455	0.93
Majority			1,234	2.52
Turnout				76.69
	Labour hold		Swing

General Election October 1974: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Shirley Summerskill	20,976	44.27
	Conservative	S.R. Lyons	16,798	35.45
	Liberal	Allen Clegg	8,693	18.35
	Powellite	R.S. Pearson	919	1.94
Majority			4,178	8.82
Turnout				74.55
	Labour hold		Swing

General Election February 1974: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Shirley Summerskill	20,970	40.93
	Conservative	S.R. Lyons	17,967	35.07
	Liberal	Allen Clegg	12,300	24.01
Majority			3,003	5.86
Turnout				81.27
	Labour hold		Swing

General Election 1970: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Shirley Summerskill	24,026	49.33
	Conservative	G Anthony Turner	23,828	48.93
	Ind. Labour Party	Alistair Graham	847	1.74
Majority			198	0.41
Turnout				73.51
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General Election 1966: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Shirley Summerskill	25,391	50.28
	Conservative	G Anthony Turner	19,689	38.99
	Liberal	Derek Arthur Carlin	5,423	10.74
Majority			5,702	11.29
Turnout				80.48
	Labour hold		Swing

General Election 1964: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Shirley Summerskill	23,143	43.76
	Conservative	Maurice Macmillan	22,085	41.75
	Liberal	James Francis Crossley	7,664	14.49
Majority			1,058	2.00
Turnout				82.06
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General Election 1959: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Conservative	Maurice Macmillan	29,212	52.25
	Labour	Peter Shore	26,697	47.75
Majority			2,515	4.50
Turnout				83.26
	Conservative hold		Swing

General Election 1955: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Conservative	Maurice Macmillan	28,306	51.39
	Labour	Dryden Brook	26,771	48.61
Majority			1,535	2.79
Turnout				80.15
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

General Election 1951: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Dryden Brook	30,433	50.63
	Conservative	Charles Henry Lucas	29,670	49.37
Majority			763	1.27
Turnout				84.25
	Labour hold		Swing

General Election 1950: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Dryden Brook	28,800	47.70
	Conservative	Charles Henry Lucas	20,456	33.88
	Liberal	Arthur Pickles	9,573	15.85
	National Liberal and Conservative	R.H. Blackburn	1,551	2.57
Majority			8,344	13.82
Turnout				85.09
	Labour hold		Swing

Blackburn was a vice-president of the Bradford Conservative Association. He was nominated after the Conservative and Liberal associations in the division had failed to reach agreement on the proposal for a joint anti-Labour candidate.^[31]

Elections in the 1940s

General Election 1945: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Dryden Brook	25,605	46.5	+7.0
	Conservative	Gilbert Gledhill	14,824	26.9	-17.5
	Liberal	Arnold Gelder	14,631	26.6	+10.5
Majority			10,781	19.6	+14.7
Turnout			55,060	77.4	+0.5
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing	+11.3

Elections in the 1930s

General Election 1935: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Conservative	Gilbert Gledhill	24,103	44.4	−21.3
	Labour	Arthur Longbottom	21,471	39.5	+9.8
	Liberal	Ashley Mitchell	8,736	16.1	N/A
Majority			2,632	4.9	−31.1
Turnout			54,310	76.9	−3.6
	Conservative hold		Swing	−15.6

General Election 1931: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Conservative	Gilbert Gledhill	36,731	65.7	+36.0
	Labour	Arthur Longbottom	16,601	29.7	−12.5
	Independent Liberal	Frank Sykes^[32]	2,578	4.6	N/A
Majority			20,130	36.0	+23.5
Turnout				80.5	−0.8
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing	+24.2

Elections in the 1920s

General Election 1929: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Arthur Longbottom	22,776	42.2	N/A
	Unionist	Gilbert Gledhill	16,713	29.7	N/A
	Liberal	Elliott Dodds	15,823	28.1	N/A
Majority			7,063	12.5	N/A
Turnout			55,312	81.3	N/A
Registered electors			69,301
	Labour gain from Liberal		Swing	N/A

Harry Barnes

Halifax by-election, 1928
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Arthur Longbottom	17,536	42.8	N/A
	Liberal	Harry Barnes	12,585	30.8	N/A
	Unionist	Francis Crossley	10,804	26.4	N/A
Majority			4,951	12.0	N/A
Turnout			40,925	78.7	N/A
Registered electors			52,013
	Labour gain from Liberal		Swing	N/A

General Election 1924: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Speaker	John Henry Whitley	Unopposed
	Speaker hold

General Election 1923: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Speaker	John Henry Whitley	Unopposed
	Speaker hold

General Election 1922: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Speaker	John Henry Whitley	Unopposed
	Speaker hold

Elections in the 1910s

Whitley

General Election 1918: Halifax
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
C	Liberal	John Henry Whitley	22,136	84.6	+51.2
	Socialist Labour Party	Arthur McManus	4,036	15.4	N/A
Majority			18,100	69.2	+53.3
Turnout			26,172	53.4	−33.6
Registered electors			49,017
	Liberal hold		Swing	N/A
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

General Election December 1910 : Halifax^[33]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	John Henry Whitley	8,778	33.4	−7.3
	Labour	James Parker	8,511	32.3	−6.6
	Conservative	John Herbert Lacy Baldwin	4,602	17.5	+7.3^{[n 7]}
	Conservative	James Francis Wallace Galbraith	4,420	16.8	+6.6^{[n 7]}
Turnout				87.0	−5.6
Registered electors			15,528
Majority			4,176	15.9	−4.4
	Liberal hold		Swing	−7.3
Majority			3,909	14.8	−3.7
	Labour hold		Swing	−7.0

General Election January 1910 : Halifax^[33]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	John Henry Whitley	9,504	40.7	+0.6
	Labour	James Parker	9,093	38.9	+0.6
	Conservative	James Francis Wallace Galbraith	4,754	20.4	−1.2
Turnout				92.6	−0.4
Registered electors			15,528
Majority			4,750	20.3	+1.8
	Liberal hold		Swing	+0.9
Majority			4,339	18.5	+1.8
	Labour hold		Swing	+0.9

Elections in the 1900s

By-election, 1907: Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	John Henry Whitley	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Crossley, Whitley and Parker

General Election 1906 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	John Henry Whitley	9,354	40.1	−14.0
	Labour Repr. Cmte.	James Parker	8,937	38.3	+22.0
	Liberal Unionist	Savile Crossley	5,041	21.6	−8.0
Turnout				93.0	+6.3
Registered electors			15,316
Majority			4,313	18.5	+7.2
	Liberal hold		Swing	−18.0
Majority			3,896	16.7	N/A
	Labour Repr. Cmte. gain from Liberal Unionist		Swing	+15.0

James Parker

General Election 1900 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal Unionist	Savile Crossley	5,931	29.6	+0.3
	Liberal	John Henry Whitley	5,543	27.6	+0.4
	Liberal	Alfred Billson	5,325	26.5	+3.5
	Labour Repr. Cmte.	James Parker	3,276	16.3	−4.2
Turnout				86.7	−1.2
Registered electors			14,879
Majority			606	3.1	−3.2
	Liberal Unionist hold		Swing	−0.1
Majority			2,267	11.3	+4.6
	Liberal hold		Swing	−1.9

Elections in the 1890s

By-election, 1897 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	Alfred Billson	5,664	43.8	−6.4
	Liberal Unionist	Savile Crossley	5,252	40.7	+11.4
	Ind. Labour Party	Tom Mann	2,000	15.5	−5.0
Majority			412	3.1	−3.6
Turnout			12,916	90.4	+2.5
Registered electors			14,290
	Liberal hold		Swing	−8.9

Caused by Shaw's resignation.

General Election 1895 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Conservative	Alfred Arnold	5,475	29.3	+2.7
	Liberal	William Rawson Shaw	5,085	27.2	−9.9
	Liberal	J. Booth	4,283	23.0	−13.3
	Ind. Labour Party	John Lister	3,818	20.5	N/A
Turnout			12,169 (est)	87.9	+4.0
Registered electors			13,844
Majority			1,192	6.3	N/A
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	+6.3
Majority			1,267	6.7	−3.0
	Liberal hold		Swing	−6.3

By-election, 1893 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	William Rawson Shaw	4,620	38.9	−34.5
	Conservative	Alfred Arnold	4,252	35.7	+9.1
	Ind. Labour Party	John Lister	3,028	25.4	N/A
Turnout			11,900	89.4	+5.5
Registered electors			13,317
Majority			368	3.2	−6.5
	Liberal hold		Swing	−21.8

Caused by Shaw's death

General Election 1892 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	Thomas Shaw	6,481	37.1	−0.6
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	6,361	36.3	−1.0
	Conservative	Alfred Arnold	4,663	26.6	+1.6
Turnout			11,056 (est)	83.9	+10.1
Registered electors			13,177
Majority			1,698	9.7	−2.6
	Liberal hold		Swing	−1.1
	Liberal hold		Swing	−1.3

Elections in the 1880s

General Election 1886 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	Thomas Shaw	5,427	37.7	−0.7
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	5,381	37.3	+0.2
	Conservative	Alfred Morris^[35]	3,612	25.0	+0.5
Majority			1,769	12.3	−0.3
Turnout			9,055	73.8	−8.9
Registered electors			12,269
	Liberal hold		Swing	−0.5
	Liberal hold		Swing	−0.0

By-election, 3 Apr 1886 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Caused by Stansfeld's appointment as President of the Local Government Board.

General Election 1885 : Halifax^[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	Thomas Shaw	6,269	38.4	−0.9
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	6,053	37.1	−2.3
	Conservative	Alfred Morris^[35]	3,988	24.5	+3.2
Majority			2,065	12.6	−5.4
Turnout			10,144	82.7	−1.2 (est)
Registered electors			12,269
	Liberal hold		Swing	−0.4
	Liberal hold		Swing	−2.0

By-election, 21 Aug 1882 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	Thomas Shaw	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Caused by Hutchinson's resignation.

General Election 1880 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	6,392	39.4	+2.8
	Liberal	John Dyson Hutchinson	6,364	39.3	+2.1
	Conservative	William Barber^[37]	3,452	21.3	−4.9
Majority			2,912	18.0	+7.7
Turnout			9,844 (est)	83.9 (est)	+0.2
Registered electors			11,728
	Liberal hold		Swing	+2.6
	Liberal hold		Swing	+2.3

Elections in the 1870s

Halifax by-election, 1877^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	John Dyson Hutchinson	5,750	61.3	-12.5
	Conservative	Richard Wilson Gamble^[38]	3,624	38.7	+12.5
Majority			2,126	22.7	+12.4
Turnout			9,374	79.9	-3.8
Registered electors			11,737
	Liberal hold		Swing	-12.5

Caused by Crossley's resignation.

General Election 1874 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	John Crossley	5,563	37.2	−1.7
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	5,473	36.6	−3.3
	Conservative	Henry Charles McCrea^[39]	3,927	26.2	N/A
Majority			1,546	10.3	−7.4
Turnout			9,445 (est)	83.7 (est)	−2.2
Registered electors			11,282
	Liberal hold		Swing	N/A
	Liberal hold		Swing	N/A

Halifax by-election, 1871^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	John Crossley	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Caused by Crossley's appointment as President of the Poor Law Board.

Elections in the 1860s

By-election, 21 December 1868 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Caused by Stansfeld's appointment as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury.

General Election 1868 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	5,278	39.9	N/A
	Liberal	Edward Akroyd	5,141	38.9	N/A
	Lib-Lab	Edward Owen Greening^[40]	2,802	21.2	N/A
Majority			2,339	17.7	N/A
Turnout			8,012 (est)	85.9 (est)	N/A
Registered electors			9,328
	Liberal hold
	Liberal hold

General Election 1865 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	Unopposed
	Liberal	Edward Akroyd	Unopposed
Registered electors			1,771
	Liberal hold
	Liberal hold

By-election, 28 April 1863 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Caused by Stansfeld's appointment as Civil Lord of the Admiralty.

Elections in the 1850s

By-election, 28 June 1859 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	Charles Wood	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Caused by Wood's appointment as Secretary of State for India.

General Election 1859 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	James Stansfeld	Unopposed
	Liberal	Charles Wood	Unopposed
Registered electors			1,521
	Liberal hold
	Liberal hold

General Election 1857 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Radical	Francis Crossley	830	37.8	+4.6
	Whig	Charles Wood	714	32.5	−2.0
	Conservative	Henry Edwards	651	29.7	−0.5
Turnout			1,423 (est)	95.6 (est)	+3.5
Registered electors			1,488
Majority			116	5.3	+2.3
	Radical hold		Swing	+2.8
Majority			63	2.9	+1.6
	Whig hold		Swing	−1.7

By-election, 3 March 1855 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Whig	Charles Wood	Unopposed
	Whig hold

Caused by Wood's appointment as First Lord of the Admiralty

By-election, 5 January 1853 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Whig	Charles Wood	592	53.0	+18.5
	Conservative	Henry Edwards	526	47.0	+16.8
Majority			66	5.9	+4.6
Turnout			1,118	91.8	−0.3
Registered electors			1,218
	Whig hold		Swing	+0.9

Caused by Wood's appointment as President of the Board of Control.

General Election 1852 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Whig	Charles Wood	596	34.5	+3.7
	Radical	Francis Crossley	573	33.2	+12.0
	Conservative	Henry Edwards	521	30.2	−0.8
	Chartist	Ernest Charles Jones^[41]	37	2.1	−14.9
Turnout			1,106 (est)	92.1 (est)	+11.5
Registered electors			1,200
Majority			23	1.3	−8.3
	Whig hold		Swing	+2.1
Majority			52	3.0	N/A
	Radical gain from Conservative		Swing	+6.2

Elections in the 1840s

General Election 1847 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Conservative	Henry Edwards	511	31.0	+2.2
	Whig	Charles Wood	507	30.8	−3.6
	Radical	Edward Miall	349	21.2	−15.6
	Chartist	Ernest Charles Jones	280	17.0	N/A
Turnout			824 (est)	80.6 (est)	−7.6
Registered electors			1,022
Majority			4	0.2	N/A
	Conservative gain from Radical		Swing	+5.0
Majority			158	9.6	+7.3
	Whig hold		Swing	+2.1

By-election, 9 July 1846 : Halifax^[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Whig	Charles Wood	Unopposed
	Whig hold

Caused by Wood's appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer

General Election 1841 : Halifax^[36]^[6]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Radical	Edward Protheroe	409	36.8
	Whig	Charles Wood	383	34.4
	Conservative	George Sinclair	320	28.8
Turnout			793	88.2
Registered electors			899
Majority			26	2.3	N/A
	Radical hold		Swing
Majority			63	5.7
	Whig hold		Swing

Notes and references

Notes

^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)

^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

^ See Sandal Castle and Wakefield Castle

^ Legally, the doctrine of prescription (law), as opposed to "by grant", means obtained by long use

^ Among the curious customs of Halifax was the Gibbet Law, which was probably established by a prescriptive right to protect the wool trade, and gave the inhabitants the power of executing any one taken within their liberty, who, when tried by a jury of sixteen of the frith-burgesses, was found guilty of the theft of any goods of the value of more than 13d. The executions took place on market days on a hill outside the town, the gibbet somewhat resembling a guillotine. The first execution recorded under this law took place in 1541, and the right was exercised in Halifax longer than in any other town, the last execution taking place in 1650.^[3]

In 1635 the king granted the inhabitants of Halifax licence to found a workhouse in a large house given to them for that purpose by Nathaniel Waterhouse, and incorporated them under the name of the master and governors. Nathaniel Waterhouse was appointed the first master, his successors being elected every year by the twelve governors from among themselves.

^ In 1607 David Waterhouse, lord of the manor of Halifax, obtained a grant of two markets there every week on Friday and Saturday and two fairs every year, each lasting three days, one beginning on 24 June, the other on 11 November. Later these fairs and markets were confirmed with the addition of an extra market on Thursday to Sir William Ayloffe, baronet, who had succeeded David Waterhouse as lord of the manor. The market rights were sold to the Markets Company in 1810 and purchased from them by the corporation in 1853.

^ ^a^b Compared to half of Conservative vote at Jan 1910 election

References

^ "Electorate Figures – Boundary Commission for England". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

^ ^a^b Lewis, Samuel (1848). "Halifax". A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 4 January 2013.

^ ^a^b^c^d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Halifax (England)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 843–844.

^ 2001 Census

^ ^a^b^c Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 1)

^ ^a^b^c^d Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. p. 145–146. Retrieved 5 November 2018 – via Google Books.

^ Steele, David (21 May 2009). "Wood, Charles, first Viscount Halifax (1800–1885)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29865.
(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

^ Casey, Martin; Salmon, Philip (2009). "WOOD, Charles (1800–1885), of Hemsworth, nr. Pontefract, Yorks.; Hickleton, nr. Doncaster and 22 Charles Street, Mdx". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

^ "Correspondence of Sir Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax". Archives Hub. Jisc.

^ Hiscocks, Richard. "Charles Wood". morethannelson. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

^ Hawkins, Angus (2013). "Government Appointment By-elections: 1832–86". In Otte, T. G.; Readman, Paul. By-elections in British Politics: 1832–1914. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84383-780-0. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

^ ^a^b Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. p. 240. Retrieved 5 November 2018 – via Google Books.

^ "Halifax Election 1835". From Weaver to Web. Calderdale Council. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

^ Iwama, Thoshihiko (June 2003). The Middle Class in Halifax, 1780–1850 (PDF) (PhD). University of Leeds. pp. 153, 155. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

^ Bull, Malcolm. "MPs for Halifax". Malcolm Bull's Calderdale Companion. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

^ Kirk, Neville (1998). "Politics". Change, continuity and class: Labour in British society, 1850–1920. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-7190-4237-2. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

^ Iwama, Toshihiko (June 2003). "The Middle Class in Halifax, 1780–1850" (PDF). White Rose eTheses Online. University of Southampton. p. 168. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

^ "The Elections". Huddersfield and Holmfirth Examiner. 10 July 1852. p. 4. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

^ "Parliamentary General Election 2017 - 08/06/2017". Election results. Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

^ "Halifax". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

^ http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/council/democracy/election-information/halifax-constituency/halifax.html

^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Retrieved 2010-12-06.

^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

^ The Times House of Commons, 1950

^ At the 1931 general election, the local Liberal Association chose not to field a candidate against the National Government; Sykes stood as an "Independent Liberal" candidate

^ ^a^b British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.

^ ^a^b "Rattening in Sheffield". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 20 May 1886. p. 5. Retrieved 28 November 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book)|format= requires |url= (help) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.

^ "Local and Other News". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 6 Oct 1880. p. 4. Retrieved 28 November 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

^ "Halifax Election". Morpeth Herald. 24 February 1877. p. 2. Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

^ "General Election News". Bradford Observer. 28 January 1874. p. 4. Retrieved 31 December 2017.

^ "Halifax". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 17 November 1868. p. 6. Retrieved 15 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

^ "Lecture by Mr. Ernest Jones". Huddersfield Chronicle. 3 July 1852. p. 7. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

Sources

Victoria County History, Yorkshire

T. Wright, The Antiquities of the Town of Halifax (Leeds, 1738)

John Watson, The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Halifax (London, 1775)

John Crabtree, A Concise History of the Parish and Vicarage of Halifax (Halifax and London, 1836).

Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Penrith and Cockermouth	Constituency represented by the Speaker 1921–1928	Succeeded by Daventry

Coordinates: 53°43′N 1°53′W / 53.717°N 1.883°W / 53.717; -1.883

[2] A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)

[3] As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

[5] See Sandal Castle and Wakefield Castle

[7] Legally, the doctrine of prescription (law), as opposed to "by grant", means obtained by long use

[8] Among the curious customs of Halifax was the Gibbet Law, which was probably established by a prescriptive right to protect the wool trade, and gave the inhabitants the power of executing any one taken within their liberty, who, when tried by a jury of sixteen of the frith-burgesses, was found guilty of the theft of any goods of the value of more than 13d. The executions took place on market days on a hill outside the town, the gibbet somewhat resembling a guillotine. The first execution recorded under this law took place in 1541, and the right was exercised in Halifax longer than in any other town, the last execution taking place in 1650.^[3]

In 1635 the king granted the inhabitants of Halifax licence to found a workhouse in a large house given to them for that purpose by Nathaniel Waterhouse, and incorporated them under the name of the master and governors. Nathaniel Waterhouse was appointed the first master, his successors being elected every year by the twelve governors from among themselves.

[9] In 1607 David Waterhouse, lord of the manor of Halifax, obtained a grant of two markets there every week on Friday and Saturday and two fairs every year, each lasting three days, one beginning on 24 June, the other on 11 November. Later these fairs and markets were confirmed with the addition of an extra market on Thursday to Sir William Ayloffe, baronet, who had succeeded David Waterhouse as lord of the manor. The market rights were sold to the Markets Company in 1810 and purchased from them by the corporation in 1853.

[condec1910-40] Compared to half of Conservative vote at Jan 1910 election

[1] "Electorate Figures – Boundary Commission for England". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

[bh-4] Lewis, Samuel (1848). "Halifax". A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 4 January 2013.

[EB1911-6] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Halifax (England)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 843–844.

[10] 2001 Census

[rayment-11] Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 1)

[stookssmith-12] Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. p. 145–146. Retrieved 5 November 2018 – via Google Books.

[13] Steele, David (21 May 2009). "Wood, Charles, first Viscount Halifax (1800–1885)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29865.
(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[14] Casey, Martin; Salmon, Philip (2009). "WOOD, Charles (1800–1885), of Hemsworth, nr. Pontefract, Yorks.; Hickleton, nr. Doncaster and 22 Charles Street, Mdx". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

[15] "Correspondence of Sir Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax". Archives Hub. Jisc.

[16] Hiscocks, Richard. "Charles Wood". morethannelson. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

[17] Hawkins, Angus (2013). "Government Appointment By-elections: 1832–86". In Otte, T. G.; Readman, Paul. By-elections in British Politics: 1832–1914. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84383-780-0. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

[churton-18] Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. p. 240. Retrieved 5 November 2018 – via Google Books.

[19] "Halifax Election 1835". From Weaver to Web. Calderdale Council. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

[20] Iwama, Thoshihiko (June 2003). The Middle Class in Halifax, 1780–1850 (PDF) (PhD). University of Leeds. pp. 153, 155. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

[21] Bull, Malcolm. "MPs for Halifax". Malcolm Bull's Calderdale Companion. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

[22] Kirk, Neville (1998). "Politics". Change, continuity and class: Labour in British society, 1850–1920. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-7190-4237-2. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

[23] Iwama, Toshihiko (June 2003). "The Middle Class in Halifax, 1780–1850" (PDF). White Rose eTheses Online. University of Southampton. p. 168. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

[24] "The Elections". Huddersfield and Holmfirth Examiner. 10 July 1852. p. 4. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

[2017results-25] "Parliamentary General Election 2017 - 08/06/2017". Election results. Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[electoralcalculus2015-26] "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

[2015_result-27] "Halifax". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

[electoralcalculus2010-28] "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

[29] ttp://www.calderdale.gov.uk/council/democracy/election-information/halifax-constituency/halifax.html

[electoralcalculus2005-30] "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus2001-31] "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus1997-32] "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus1992-33] "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[34] "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Retrieved 2010-12-06.

[electoralcalculus1987-35] "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus1983-36] "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[37] The Times House of Commons, 1950

[38] At the 1931 general election, the local Liberal Association chose not to field a candidate against the National Government; Sykes stood as an "Independent Liberal" candidate

[ReferenceA-39] British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)

[craig1885-41] ⁱ^j Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.

[morris-42] "Rattening in Sheffield". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 20 May 1886. p. 5. Retrieved 28 November 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

[craig1832-43] ⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book)|format= requires |url= (help) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.

[44] "Local and Other News". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 6 Oct 1880. p. 4. Retrieved 28 November 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

[45] "Halifax Election". Morpeth Herald. 24 February 1877. p. 2. Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

[46] "General Election News". Bradford Observer. 28 January 1874. p. 4. Retrieved 31 December 2017.

[47] "Halifax". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 17 November 1868. p. 6. Retrieved 15 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

[48] "Lecture by Mr. Ernest Jones". Huddersfield Chronicle. 3 July 1852. p. 7. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

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