Ferrol, Spain
Ferrol | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Municipality | |||
 Ferrol Port | |||
| |||
  Ferrol Location of Ferrol within Galicia Show map of Province of A Coruña  Ferrol Ferrol (Spain) Show map of Spain | |||
| Coordinates: 43°28′N 8°15′W / 43.467°N 8.250°W / 43.467; -8.250Coordinates: 43°28′N 8°15′W / 43.467°N 8.250°W / 43.467; -8.250 | |||
| Country | Spain | ||
| Autonomous community | Galicia | ||
| Province | A Coruña | ||
| Comarca | Ferrol | ||
| Fishing Village | 1st century BC | ||
| Christian Outpost | 8th century | ||
| Royal Arsenal | 16th century | ||
| Royal Dockyard | 18th century | ||
| Parishes | Brión, A Cabana, Covas, Doniños, Esmelle, Ferrol, A Graña, Leixa, Mandiá, Marmancón, A Mariña, Trasancos, Serantes | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-council | ||
| • Body | Concello de Ferrol | ||
| • Mayor | Jorge Suárez (Ferrol en Común) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 81.9 km2 (31.6 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2014)INE | |||
| • Total | 70,389 | ||
| Demonym(s) | ferrolan (m), ferrolana (f) | ||
| Time zone | CET (GMT +1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (GMT +2) | ||
| Postcode | 15401 - 15406 | ||
| Area code(s) | +34 981 | ||
| Website | http://www.ferrol.es/ | ||
Ferrol (In the neighbourhood of Strabo's Cape Nerium,[1] modern day Cape Prior[2][3][4][5]) (Galician pronunciation: [feˈrɔl]), is a city in the Province of A Coruña[6] in Galicia, on the Atlantic coast in north-western Spain. According to the 2014 census, the city has a population of 70,389, making it the 5th largest settlement in Galicia. With Eume to the south and Ortegal the north, Ferrol forms the Ferrolterra conurbation, the third largest in Galicia which has a total population of over 203,444.
The harbour, for depth, capacity and safety, is not equalled by many in Europe. The Entrance is very narrow,[7] and commanded by forts, and which may even be shut by a steccado[8][9][10]
The city has been a major naval shipbuilding centre for most of its history, being the capital of the Spanish Navy's Maritime Department of the North since the time of the early Bourbons.[7] Before that, in the 17th century[11][12][13][14], Ferrol was the most important arsenal[6][15] in Europe. Today, the city is also known as the home of the shipbuilding yards of Navantia.
The city was the birthplace of the Spanish General and Caudillo[16]Francisco Franco in 1892, and was officially known as El Ferrol del Caudillo from 1938 to 1982. It was also the birthplace of the founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Pablo Iglesias, in 1850.
The city is one of the starting points of the English Way[17] path of the Camino de Santiago.[18] Because of the modern requirement that pilgrims must travel 100 km by foot in order to be officially recognized, Ferrol is the preferred starting point for pilgrims traversing the English Way.
Contents
1 Toponym and etymology
2 History
3 Climate
4 Demography
5 Economy
6 International relations
6.1 Twin towns – Sister cities
7 Notable people
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links
Toponym and etymology
The first historical mention of this settlement, then called Burum[19][20][21]as well as Arotebrarum Portum[22]in the history of Pomponius Mela,[22] a Roman historian who wrote in the year AD 43 detailing a description of the Portus Magnus Artabrorum[23][24], the "great port of the Artabri". The current toponym Ferrol, though, can only be traced back to the Middle Ages; a document of 1087[25]instances sancto Iuliano de Ferrol, nearby the monastery of San Martín de Jubia (12th century, in Romanesque style), where Ferrol is probably the local evolution of the genitive form of the Latin name Ferreolus; Ferrol was probably, in origin, the estate of one Ferreolus.[26] In 1982 the government of Spain adopted officially Ferrol in consonance with its long history and tradition.[27][28]
Another theory with regards to the etymology of the locative name Ferrol and potential origins is Ferro, Latin for Iron as these parts from Roman times and earlier have been places rich in metals specially Iron and Tin but also Gold and Silver. Possibly, as the bay of Ferrol was such a well guarded port that the old fishing village would have been named after the metal by traders[29]reaching the enclave, in other words: Ferrol.
Alternately. the origin of the name comes from the legend of a Breton saint, Ferreol, who arrived here on a ship, amid a chorus of seven siren.[citation needed] Another tradition says that Ferrol proceeds from farol, alluding to the heraldic figure that appears on the coat of arms of the city.[30] However, according to experts, the origin of the arms of Ferrol goes back only to the eighteenth century, and there are also several variants used over time, without having been set in accordance with the applicable legislation since the 1990s.[31] The combination of two words that can mean either 'port - close', 'landing on pillars'[citation needed] or a Ferreoli Domini, "the lord of Ferreol" veiled allusion to the town, which could have had a temple under the patronage of St. Ferreol.
History
The centre of Ferrol
The existence of prehistoric human settlements in this Galician city is backed up by the abundance of burial chambers, megalithic monuments as well as Petroglyphs and other archaeological findings.[32] The Phoenicians[33][29][34] established in this area different dried and salted cod stations and their presence together with the presence of the Ancient Greeks is well documented by historians like Herodotus, Strabo, Pomponius Mela, just to mention a few classic ones including Ptolemy.[35] In Roman times, in the 1st century BC, a fishing port existed which also trade in metals (like Silver,[36] Gold,[37][38]Tin[39] and Iron [40]) as well as wild horses[39] in the bay of Ferrol in the neighbourhood of Nerium[41]there is a place called Narahio[42]famous for its medieval castle which phonetically resembles a bit Strabo's Nerium[32]modern day Cape Prior[41] in these parts of Iberia dominated in ancient times by the Artabri[43] (or Arrotrebae[44][45]) giving name to the Portus Magnus Artabrorum[41] (Form not just by the bay of Ferrol but the three rias of Ferrol, Betanzos and Corunna). Ferrol, was then, just as it is today a first class natural harbour, in the treacherous waters[33] of the Atlantic, very well guarded, not surprisingly, described often in history as the best natural port in Europe.[46]
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire[47] the whole Iberian Peninsula, including Ferrol, was raided by the Vandals and incorporated in 411 to the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia;[48] their kingdom was incorporated in 584 by Leovigild to the Visigothic Kingdom.[49]
After the collapse of the "Suebic-Visigothic state" these Christian parts of Iberia saw very little change, in comparison with other parts of the Iberian peninsula, becoming part of the Kingdom of Asturias [50] as early as 750AD.[51][52][53]A period marked at the beginning with the massive shock and shake, and destruction of one state, followed by the humble-at-first but firm-and-quick rebirth of the “Christian Visigothic State” in the mountains and green pastures of the Atlantic North of the Iberian Peninsula.
Over time, Asturias[54] would split into further Christian kingdoms making these parts to change hands from one monarch to the next: first Galicia, then Leon and finally Castile.
The castle of San Felipe at the entrance of the harbour
Ferrol served as a strategic safe port[55] during the Hundred Years' War,[56] sided the House of Trastamara during the Castilian Civil War and as a personal reward to Fernan Perez de Andrade, in 1371, Henry II[57] gave the town to the powerful Andrade family.[58]
In 1568[59][60] a fire reduced to rubble the old medieval town;[61] in the same period some parts of the existing fortifications at the entrance of the estuary were built.[62] As a naval base, at that time the town was considered more important as a Royal Arsenal than as a safe harbour.[63][64]
With the arrival of the Bourbons in the 18th century, Ferrol became a leading naval centre.[65] Ferrol was made Capital of the Maritime Department of the North, formed under Ferdinand VI and Charles III for the defence of the Spanish Colonial Empire in America.[66] Rapid improvements followed, notably under the leadership of the Marquis of Ensenada, and the position of Ferrol was made almost unassailable from the sea, the difficulties of disembarking troops on its precipitous coast being strengthened by a renewed line of fortresses and newly built castles, including that of San Carlos.
Neoclassical church Igrexa Castrense de San Francisco
Co-Cathedral of Ferrol[67]
The Royal Dockyards of A Graña and Ferrol, built between 1726–1783,[68][69] produced ships protected with copper sheets from the rolling mills of Xubia. In 1772, The Spanish Royal Academy of Naval Engineers of Ferrol, the first such academy in Spain, was created. For the most laborious works of the harbour six hundred forced-labour galley-convicts were employed in the harbour.[70][71]
Ferrol is famous,[72] in the history of the struggle between the Spanish Empire and the British for being one of the only enclaves in the world, together with Cartagena de Indias, that always resisted occupation successfully: mostly, because Ferrol was virtually impossible to blockade in the age of sail, as strong westerly winds would take any blockading force away along the treacherous north coast of Spain where they had no safe haven. The geography of Ferrol meant that an entire Spanish fleet could slip out on a single tide. By the time the British were able to resume the blockade, the Spanish would be safely away and out to sea. Despite these advantages, a decline set during the reign of Charles IV, and in 1800, during the Ferrol Expedition (1800), after the defences had been reduced, a British fleet of 109 vessels landed troops on the beach of Doniños to take the Castle of San Felipe. Although only equipped with meagre artillery, the castle's small defence force under the command of Count Donadio together with a sizable number of volunteer citizens of Ferrol, successfully resisted the attack and the fleet withdrew. The alliance with the United Kingdom during the Peninsular War of 1808–14 failed to prevent the deterioration in the town’s fortunes. The arsenals and fortresses were abandoned and they were easily occupied by the French in 1809.[73]
When the war with Napoleonic France was over, many of the South American colonies[74] chose to break apart from their mother country and the shipyards of Ferrol went into a serious decline losing most of its civilian, clergy and military population, and henceforth, by 1824, Ferrol had a population of just 10,000 civilian and about 6,000 military personnel (stationed locally if not permanently, at least during most of the year) with its mathematical school for marine artillerists, the pilot school, and Academy for the Guardas Marinas[75] almost completely empty in contrast with the glorious years of abundance[76][77] known before the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.[78]
Aerial view of the city (2009)
Ferrol only built two vessels between 1794 and 1845.[79] And silent for half a century it lost its title of capital under Ferdinand VII. However, there was a massive renovation during Cardinal Alberoni's leadership and in just a few years fourteen great line-of -battle-ships were launched. New activities sprang up and Ferrol was employing 2,000 workmen[80] constantly on its foundries, now in full operation. A School of Naval Engineers[79] was established where 40 pupils were learning the scientific principles of their profession, under a competent staff of instructors bred in England and France. So successful in bringing the worlds most advanced technologies was the administration of the Marquis de Molina,[81]Spanish Minister for Naval affairs, that by 1858 the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol was launching Spain's first steam propelled ship which it was the first iron-hulled too.
The second half of the 19th century brought to the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol not just plenty of work but social and political tensions[82][83] which ended up in the failed republican uprising of 1872.[84][85] Steamers between Ferrol and the port of Havana in Spanish Cuba were operating frequently, back then, so, shipyard workers who got themselves into trouble with the local authorities in Ferrol, for one reason or another always thought of the Spanish Main as a possibility.[86][87]
Art Nouveau building in Ferrol, designed by Rodolfo Ucha
During this period, same as it is nowadays, and just like it was in the days of the Armada, the Bay of Ferrol always attracted and still attracts numerous ships seeking repairs or refuge after meeting with disaster[88] or rough waters trying to cross the Bay of Biscay on bad weather. Such was the case of the Cleopatra, carrying one of the two Cleopatra Needles,[89][90] the one standing today on the Thames Embankment in London, UK. It arrived in Ferrol on 19 October 1877 after tragedy and almost sinking off the West coast of France five days earlier. There is a plaque commemorating the event and those who died to be seen at the base of the Needle in London.
Ten years after the Spanish–American War of 1898,[91][92][93] in which Spain lost Cuba[94] and the Philippines, the Antonio Maura Government, in an attempt to restore the Spanish Navy and Spanish shipbuilding industry, hired the Spanish Society for Naval Construction,[95] whose major investors were a British-Spanish-Association[61] taking contracts In the following proportions: 40% Vickers Sons and Maxim,[96] 30% the Marquis of Comillas of the Spanish Transatlantic Company,[97] 30% the Biscay Furnace Company,[98] all the previously state owned shipbuilding yards, workshops, foundries and dry docks at Ferrol were handed over to the technical expertise of some of finest British shipbuilders: John Brown, Vickers[99][96] and Armstrong[100] now in charge of building the new Spanish Fleet[101].
For a period of sixteen years, all the technicians were exclusively British, and the situation was not altered till 1925 when the management was taken over by Spanish engineers, as one of the new policies introduced by the then newly created government, including ministers both civil and military, of the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera[102] (1923–1930). The arrival of the British coincided with the construction of a local electric-powered trolley streetcar's line (1924–1961).[103]
In sight of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, and because there was fear of social unrest in the naval station, the Foreign Office in London,[104][105] organized a ship to repatriate all the remaining British citizens and on 22 July 1936 HMS Witch (D89)[106] departed from Ferrol back to Britain.
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) the shipbuilding yards, workshops, foundries and dry docks in Ferrol were taken over by the state and fully nationalized in 1945 under the name "Bazán", later renamed "IZAR", and, starting from January 2005, Navantia. The town was the birthplace of Francisco Franco, after whom the city was officially known as El Ferrol del Caudillo from 1938 to 1982. The end of the Spanish State and the arrival of democracy in 1978 did not help Ferrol,[107][108] and from 1982 to the early 1990s, the city confronted numerous problems due to a decline in the naval sector. The beginning of the new millennium however has been a time of economic expansion and prosperity in general.[109] A new motorway and an outer-port[110] have been built as well as numerous arcades and shopping centres mostly in the outskirts of the city between Ferrol and Naron which basically is the same metropolitan area and young shoppers with their families tend to make their big family shopping as well as weekend day out with the family attracted to all the amenities like bowling, cafeterias, fast food outlets, cinemas and sports facilities.
The Spanish Squadron, as always have done from times immemorial,[111][112] loves taking part in Naval demonstrations and at the beginning of the 21st century Ferrol hosted the large NATO Maritime Exercise Loyal Mariner (RN) back in June 2008.[113]
The Ferrol Terminus railway station, connecting Lugo to Ferrol, branching off from the line from Madrid to nearby Corunna, was sanctioned by the Cortes in Madrid as early as 1865 but it took many decades till its final inauguration on 1904. A century later more of the same happened with the High Speed Railway AVE; so it took as late as 2013[114] till inauguration day.
From September 2017,[115] a new local railway branch serving the outer-port of Ferrol (known as Canelinas-Ferrol container-port) the inside of the bay docks and the Ferrol Terminus railway station has been given a green light to start constructing and very soon operating I’m sure moving loads of modern containers in and out of Ferrol and distributing goods throughout Galicia and the rest of Spain and Europe. It must be noted, that there was a similar small railway local branch operating here from the early years of the 20th century with the difference that at that time, Ferrol itself and its ports were intended solely for the Royal Navy and its shipyards,[71] and henceforth not open to the general commerce per se, even though, historically, there have been many local exceptions like; PEMSA (Timber), PYSBE (Dry-Cod) and HISPANIA (Pencils) all three very good examples without forgetting: manufactures of hats, paper, leather, naval stores and hardware as well as other local items for export like: corn, wine, brandy, vinegar, pilchards and herrings (and other produce of Ferrol's own fisheries)[116]
Climate
As in most of Galicia, Ferrol climate is a humid oceanic climate, characterised by year-long mild temperatures, rainy winters, and relatively dry summers, although slightly wetter than the typical Spanish mediterranean climate during the summer season.
| Climate data for Ferrol, Galicia (Spain) (2002-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.2 (63) | 18.9 (66) | 22.1 (71.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.9 (75) | 23.4 (74.1) | 19.8 (67.6) | 15.8 (60.4) | 13.9 (57) | 18.4 (65.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) | 10.2 (50.4) | 11.8 (53.2) | 12.9 (55.2) | 14.8 (58.6) | 17.9 (64.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.7 (67.5) | 18.4 (65.1) | 15.7 (60.3) | 12.5 (54.5) | 10.3 (50.5) | 14.5 (58.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) | 7.0 (44.6) | 8.4 (47.1) | 9.4 (48.9) | 11.2 (52.2) | 14.3 (57.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 16.4 (61.5) | 14.8 (58.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 9.6 (49.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | 11.1 (52) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 140 (5.51) | 97 (3.82) | 102 (4.02) | 97 (3.82) | 75 (2.95) | 57 (2.24) | 51 (2.01) | 38 (1.5) | 50 (1.97) | 183 (7.2) | 208 (8.19) | 157 (6.18) | 1,257 (49.49) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 17 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 137 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 79 | 124 | 158 | 194 | 218 | 238 | 261 | 248 | 217 | 139 | 95 | 90 | 2,060 |
| Source: MeteoGalicia[117] | |||||||||||||
Demography
From:INE Archiv
Economy
Primary Industries – Agriculture (Horse Breeding), Aquaculture (Fish Farming), Fishing (Specializing in the Atlantic Shoals), Important Mines (ENDESA), NTFPs (Forest Harvest), Quarries and Timber.
Secondary Industries – Shipbuilding, Ship Engines, Turbines (Wind Mills and Ships), Electrical Equipment, Ironworks, Fashion (Textiles), Food (Canned Fish) and Wood-Made Products.
Tertiary Industries – Mercantile, Fishing and Military Ports, Restaurants, News Media (Ferrol TV/Diario de Ferrol), Hotels (Barceló Almirante/Pazo Libunca), Leisure and Tourism (World Surf Competitions, Popular Transatlantic Steamships Stop), Consulting, Health Care/Hospitals (Arquitecto Marcide Hospital Complex), Education (Schools, Colleges/ESENGRA and Universities/UNED/PERITOS) and Public Utilities, Franchises (main brand names and designer label's shops), Wholesale (Navy Suppliers/Anton-Martin) and Retail Industries (El Corte Inglés/Alcampo).
Quaternary Sector Industries – Naval, Electrical and Mechanical Equipment together with New Technologies (Galician Centre for Innovations and Services CIS-FERROL).
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Ferrol is twinned with:
Lugo, Spain, since 2000- Mondoñedo, Spain, since 2004
Adelaide, Australia, since 2010
Notable people
- Alonso Pita da Veiga
Benito Vicetto Pérez (1824–1878), writer
Jenaro Pérez Villaamil (1807–1854), painter
Concepción Arenal (1820–1893), writer, feminist activist
José Canalejas Méndez (1854–1912), former Spanish Prime Minister died in office
Patricio Montojo y Pasarón (1839–1917), Spanish admiral during the Spanish–American War who was defeated at the Battle of Manila Bay
Pablo Iglesias Posse (1850–1925), politician
Marquis of Amboage (1823–1892), multimillionaire and politician
Frederick H. Shaw (1864–1924)
Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza (1875–1960), painter
General Francisco Franco (1892–1975), dictator of Spain from after the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) to his death.
Ramón Franco (1896–1938), aviator and brother of Francisco Franco
Ricardo Carvalho Calero, first ever professor of Galician literature and Linguistics - University of Santiago de Compostela (1910–1990)
Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (1910–1999), writer
Ángeles Alvariño Gozález (1916–2005), biologist and oceanographer (1916–2005)
María Isabel Rivera Torres (born 1952), actress
Ignacio Fernández Toxo (born 1952), General Secretary of the CCOO and President of the ETUC
Jesús Vázquez Martínez (born 1965), TV presenter
Paloma Pérez-Lago González (born 1967), fashion model and TV presenter
Carlos Jean (born 1973), electronic musician and music producer
Paula Vázquez Picallo (born 1973), TV presenter and model
Nacho Novo (born 1979), professional footballer
Andrés Suárez, singer-songwriter
See also
- Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval
- School of Peritos Navales and Industriales
- Endesa Termic
- Racing Club de Ferrol
- El Correo Gallego
- El Ferrol Diario
- El Diario de Ferrol
- El Casino de Ferrol
- El Circulo Mercantil de Ferrol
- El Club Naval de Ferrol
Notes
^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 7–8..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. p. 69.
^ Ptolemaeus, Claudius (100–170). "Atlas - Claudius Ptolemaeus Geographia - Ancient Geography - EuropaeIiTab.hispania". archive.org. Retrieved 2018-03-20.CS1 maint: Date format (link)
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 484.
^ Prévost, abbé; Gmelin, Johann Georg (1746). Histoire générale des voyages, ou nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à present dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues ... Tome premier [-vingtième]. John Carter Brown Library. A Paris, : chez Didot ... p. 36.
^ ab
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferrol". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
^ ab Tofiño de San Miguel, Vicente; Mengs, Anton Raphael; Salvador Carmona, Manuel; Ballester, Joaquín; Vázquez, Bartolomé; Valdés, Antonio; Asensio, Josef (1789). Atlas marítimo de España [Material cartográfico]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Madrid: [s.n.] p. 35.
^ Morse, Jedidiah; Morse, Richard C. (Richard Cary); Converse, Sherman (1823). A new universal gazeteer, or Geographical dictionary : containing a description of the various countries, provinces, cities, towns, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, capes, &c. in the known world. With an appendix ... accompanied with an atlas. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library. New-Haven :Printed and published by S. Converse. p. 256.
^ Edinburgh encyclopaedia. Gerstein - University of Toronto. Edinburgh, Blackwood. 1830. p. 308.
^ Blaeu, Joan (1659). Geographia Blauiana [Mapas]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Amsterdam : Juan Blaeu. p. 524.
^ Noticias ordinarias del Norte, Italia, Africa, y España : con la noticia plausible de todas, del dichosissimo arribo de la reyna nuestra señora al Puerto de Ferrol en Galicia à 26 del passado : publicadas à 4 de abril 1690. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. [En Madrid] : por Sebastian de Armendariz, librero. 1690. pp. 109–110.
^ Stanhope, Alexander (1844). Spain Under Charles the Second; Or, Extracts from the Correspondence of the Hon. Alexander Stanhope, British Minister at Madrid. 1690-1699. J. Murray. p. 3.
^ Gallucci, Giovanni Paolo; Pérez, Miguel (1614). Theatro del mundo, y del tiempo : en el qual no solo se descriuen sus partes, y se da regla en el medirlas, mas con ingeniosas y acomodadas demostraciones y figuras, se representan ante los lectores ... : cõ index. Getty Research Institute. Impresso en Granada : Por Sebastian Muñoz, a costa de Iulio Castellon. pp. 127–128.
^ Blaeu, Joan (1659). Geographia Blauiana [Mapas]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Amsterdam : Juan Blaeu. p. 11.
^ "Burlington weekly free press. (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, July 21, 1898, Image 15". 1898-07-21. ISSN 2166-2037. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 484.
^ Camino, Follow the. "Camino Ingles - English Way • Follow the Camino". FollowtheCamino.com. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
^ Elements, Web. "The English Way to Santiago de Compostela | Camino Walk Spain". www.utracks.com. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
^ Clericus, Joannes (1679–1705). "Atlas Antiquus, Sacer, Ecclesiaticus Et Profanus - Joannes Clericus - HispaniaeAntiquaeTabula". Retrieved 2018-03-18.CS1 maint: Date format (link)
^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Nicolaus Germanus, 15th cent; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm : Lienhart Holle. pp. 155–156.
^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Nicolaus Germanus, 15th cent; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm : Lienhart Holle. pp. 151–152.
^ ab Mela, Pomponius; Vadianus, Joachim; Camers, Joannes (1522). Pomponii Melae De orbis situ libri tres, : accuratissime emendati,. John Carter Brown Library. Basileae, : apud Andream Cratandrum. pp. 162–163.
^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Nicolaus Germanus, 15th cent; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm : Lienhart Holle.
^ Wilkinson, Robert (1823). "Wilkinson's Atlas Classica - HispaniaAntiquaAnteaIberia". archive.org/. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
^ "En el siglo XI Ferrol ya se llamaba así". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
^ Cf. Cabeza Quiles, Fernando (2008). Toponimia de Galicia. Vigo: Galaxia. p. 275. ISBN 978-84-9865-092-1.
^ García de Salazar, Lope. Libro de las Bienandanzas e Fortunas. Parnaseo-Lemir: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 1471–1476.
^ Primera continuacion de los obsequios y festejos, que se hizieron à ... Doña Maria Ana, en su real jornada desde el puerto del Ferrol à esta Catolica Corte ... : publicase à 9 de Mayo 1690. [S.l.] : Sebastian de Armendariz. 1690. pp. 1–12.
^ ab William, of Malmesbury; Henry, of Huntingdon; Roger, of Hoveden; Ethelwerd, d 998?; Ingulf, 1030?-1109; Savile, Henry; Bishop, George; Newbery, Ralph; Barker, Robert (1596). Rervm anglicarvm scriptores post Bedam praecipvi. Harold B. Lee Library. Londoni : excudebant G. Bishop, R. Nyberie, & R. Barker. p. 172.
^ City Council of Ferrol. "General Guide to the City" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
^ de Aracil, Carlos. El Escudo de Armas de Ferrol de la Ilustración. Ferrol, Spain: Ferrol Análisis.
^ ab Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 7–8.
^ ab Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 157–159.
^ Montanus, Arnoldus; Ogilby, John; Middleton, John fmo RPJCB; Underwood, John; Brown University. fmo RPJCB (1671). America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the Nevv VVorld; : containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither. The conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large provinces and territories, with the several European plantations in those parts. Also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers. Their habits, customs, manners, and religions. Their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents. With an appendix, containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown South-Land and the Arctick region. John Carter Brown Library. London : printed by the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers. pp. 18–19.
^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Nicolaus Germanus, 15th cent; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm : Lienhart Holle.
^ Young, Otis E. (1965). "The Spanish Tradition in Gold and Silver Mining". Arizona and the West. 7 (4): 299–314. JSTOR 40167137.
^ "The gold belts of western Asturias and Galicia (NW Spain)". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 71 (2): 89–101. 2000-11-01. doi:10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00147-3. ISSN 0375-6742.
^ Bitong, Anna. "In Spain, a beach made of gold?". Retrieved 2018-03-09.
^ ab Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2.
^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 45–46.
^ abc Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. p. 69.
^ "ESPANA: GALICIA". Pinterest. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ Mela, Pomponius; Vadianus, Joachim; Camers, Joannes (1522). Pomponii Melae De orbis situ libri tres, : accuratissime emendati,. John Carter Brown Library. Basileae, : apud Andream Cratandrum. pp. 162–163.
^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. p. 71.
^ Arnoldi, Joh Conrad (Johann Conrad); Fürstlich Solms-Lich'sche Bibliothek zu Lich (Lich, Germany) fmo RIBRL (1718). Joh. Conrad Arnoldi, lic. Theolog. & Philosoph. Prof. publ. ordin. Gründliche und nach denen letztern Europäischen Frieden-Schlüssen neu-eingerichtete Historisch- und politische Geographie: : in welcher, nebst einer nöthigen Vorbereitung, der heutige Zustand derer Staaten, vornemlich in Europa, nach ihrer Natur, Eintheilung, Kirch- und Policey-Wesen deutlich vorgestellet, mit kurtzen Anmerckungen aus der alten und neuen Historie, auch anderer Merckwürdigkeiten erläutert, und also der politen Jugend Fleiss, in civiler Conversation und Reisen, erleichtert wird. Mit einem nützlichen und zulänglichen Register. John Carter Brown Library. Giessen : in Verlag Johann Müllers, Hoch-Fürstl. Hessen-Darmstättischen Regierungs-Buchdr. p. 172.
^ "Burlington weekly free press. (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, July 21, 1898, Image 15". 1898-07-21. ISSN 2166-2037. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ William, of Malmesbury; Henry, of Huntingdon; Roger, of Hoveden; Ethelwerd, d 998?; Ingulf, 1030?-1109; Savile, Henry; Bishop, George; Newbery, Ralph; Barker, Robert (1596). Rervm anglicarvm scriptores post Bedam praecipvi. Harold B. Lee Library. Londoni : excudebant G. Bishop, R. Nyberie, & R. Barker. pp. 174–178.
^ Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Methuen. p. 15.
^ (Britoniensis ecclesiae episcopus) Mailoc or Maeloc was the bishop of Britonia who participated in the Second Council of Braga (572)
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 496.
^ "Atlas Of Medieval History Colin Mc Evedy ( Penguin Books) [ 1961]". archive.org. p. 46. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
^ Gallichan, Catherine Gasquoine (1912). The story of Santiago de Compostela;. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Dent. pp. 36–37.
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 499.
^ Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Methuen. p. 301.
^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1898). England and the hundred years' war (1327-1485). Pratt - University of Toronto. London : Blackie. pp. 66–67.
^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1898). England and the hundred years' war (1327-1485). Pratt - University of Toronto. London : Blackie. pp. 62–65.
^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1898). England and the hundred years' war (1327-1485). Pratt - University of Toronto. London : Blackie. pp. 160–161.
^ Ferrol Naval 1750 Ferrol Historia - Interesting document showing the royals of Spain from 1492 till 1805: Spanish Empire
^ "History of Ferrol" El Ferrolano Newspaper, 10 February 1846, no.1, Front Cover: Ferrol
^ Blaeu, Joan (1659). Geographia Blauiana [Mapas]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Amsterdam : Juan Blaeu. p. 524.
^ ab Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Methuen. p. 315.
^ World Heritage List: El Ferrol (Submission Papers) UNESCO, 27 April 2007
^ Primera continuacion de los obsequios y festejos, que se hizieron à ... Doña Maria Ana, en su real jornada desde el puerto del Ferrol à esta Catolica Corte ... : publicase à 9 de Mayo 1690. [S.l.] : Sebastian de Armendariz. 1690. pp. 1–12.
^ Noticias ordinarias del Norte, Italia, Africa, y España : con la noticia plausible de todas, del dichosissimo arribo de la reyna nuestra señora al Puerto de Ferrol en Galicia à 26 del passado : publicadas à 4 de abril 1690. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. [En Madrid] : por Sebastian de Armendariz, librero. 1690. pp. 109–110.
^ The City and Naval Station of El Ferrol during the Reign of Charles III of Spain by the Dutch pilot Hugh Debbieg (1731–1810)
^ Theodor de Bry (Firm); Bry, Theodor de; Bry, Johann Theodor de; Bry, Johann Israel de; Merian, Matthaeus; Espejo, Antonio de; Heyn, Piet; Hermite, Jacques l'; Smith, John (1630). Vierzehender Theil Americanischer Historien, : inhaltend, erstlich, warhafftige Beschreibung etlicher West-Indianischer Landen in dem Theil Americae gegen Mitternacht hinder Nova Hispania gelegen, alss New Mexico, Cibola, Cinaloa, Quiuira, vnd anderer, deren bissher in vnserm West-Indianischen Werck Theils gar nicht, theils sehr wenig gedacht worden, sampt Denckwürdigen Geschichten vnd Wunderwercken der Natur in Jucatan, Guatimala, Fonduras, vnd Panama, wie auch vom Zustandt etlicher Englischen Colonien, wie sich die in lauffendem 1630. Jahr befinden. Zum andern, eine Schiffart der Holländer vnder dem Admiral Jacob Eremiten vmb die gantze Welt, vnd was ihm auff dieser sehr langen vnd gefährlichen Reyse begegnet, alles in Form eines Jurnals oder Tagregisters fleissig verzeichnet. Zum dritten, historische Erzehlung, welcher gestalt die sehr reiche Spanische Silberflotta durch Peter Hein, General der Holländischen Armada in dem Hafen Matanza der Insul Cuba im September dess Jahrs 1628. ertapt vnd heim gebracht worden. Zum Vierdten, was massen die Statt Olinda de Fernambucco in Brasilien, sampt dem Meerport vnd dabey Ligenden Castellan, durch die Holländer vnder dem General Heinrich Cornelis Lunck erobert worden, im Monat Februario dess Jahrs 1630. Alles mit zugehörigen Tafeln vnd Kupfferstücken gezieret, verlegt vnd an Tag gegeben. John Carter Brown Library. Gedruckt zu Hanaw : Bey David Aubri,. pp. 20–21.
^ Flórez, Enrique (1747). España sagrada, theatro geographico-historico de la Iglesia de España : origen... de todas sus provincias, antiguedad, traslaciones y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de España y Portugal ... . T. I, Contiene una clave geographica, y geographia eclesiastica de los Patriarcados [Material Cartográfico]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. En Madrid : por Don Miguel Francisco Rodriguez. p. 12.
^ "Ferrol" Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009
^ Tofiño de San Miguel, Vicente; Mengs, Anton Raphael; Salvador Carmona, Manuel; Ballester, Joaquín; Vázquez, Bartolomé; Valdés, Antonio; Asensio, Josef (1789). Atlas marítimo de España [Material cartográfico]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Madrid: [s.n.] p. 21.
^ McCulloch, J. R. (John Ramsay); Martin, Frederick (1866). A dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical : of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world. Oxford University. London : Longmans, Green. p. 338.
^ ab Edinburgh encyclopaedia. Gerstein - University of Toronto. Edinburgh, Blackwood. 1830. p. 309.
^ "Horatio Hornblower | Age Of Sail | Page 2". ageofsail.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ Napier, W. F. P. (1814). History Of The War In The Peninsula. p. 76.
^ Morse, Jedidiah; Morse, Richard C. (Richard Cary); Converse, Sherman (1823). A new universal gazeteer, or Geographical dictionary : containing a description of the various countries, provinces, cities, towns, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, capes, &c. in the known world. With an appendix ... accompanied with an atlas. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library. New-Haven :Printed and published by S. Converse. pp. 730–731.
^ Morse, Jedidiah; Morse, Richard C. (Richard Cary); Converse, Sherman (1823). A new universal gazeteer, or Geographical dictionary : containing a description of the various countries, provinces, cities, towns, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, capes, &c. in the known world. With an appendix ... accompanied with an atlas. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library. New-Haven :Printed and published by S. Converse. p. 256.
^ Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph (1809). A view of Spain; comprising a descriptive itinerary, of each province, and a general statistical account of the country. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 440.
^ Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph (1809). A view of Spain; comprising a descriptive itinerary, of each province, and a general statistical account of the country. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 487.
^ Busk, M. M. (1833). The history of Spain and Portugal, from B.C. 1000 to A.D. 1814. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Baldwin. p. 258.
^ ab "The Armies of Europe - Spain as a War-making Power". The New York Times. 6 February 1858.
^ "The Armies of Europe - Spain as a War- making Power". The New York Times. 6 February 1858.
^ "The Armies of Europe, Spain as a War Making Power" New York Times, 6 February 1858, Page 4
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online LABOUR RIOT IN SPAIN.|1899-09-25|South Wales Daily News - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ Lay E.J.S. (1933). Citizenship. pp. 125–133.
^ "Entrance into Ferrol of the Government Troops" New York Times, 16 October 1872, Page 1
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online STRIKE IN SPAIN I|1910-10-01|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ "CUBA.; Ferrol Insurgents Arrived A Coolie Ship The Spanish Army Reinforced by Blood-Hounds". The New York Times. 1872-12-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ "TELEGRAMS.; The Revolt in Ferrol, Spain, Virtually Suppressed. Disheartened and Hemmed In, the Rebels Begin to Desert. Probable Murder of a Wealthy Bank Director in Boston. Partial Destruction of Iron-Works in Johnstown, Penn. Conversion of an Indian Chief to Christianity. SPAIN. The Ferrol Insurrection Almost Strangled Troops Arriving The Mass ofthe(sic) Population Taking No Part in theMovement. Discussion on Cuba and Porto Rico-Reforms in the Cortes". The New York Times. 1872-10-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online THE LOSS OF THE". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ "Cleopatras Needle, The Embankment, London". Historic UK. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE DETAINED THROUGH A QUESTION OF SALVAGE.|1877-11-02|Monmouthshire Merlin - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ "Great Activity at Ferrol" New York Times, 11 June 1898, Page 1
^ The launch of "Cardenal Cisneros" the first "Pre-dreadnought battleship" built in Ferrol, Spain (1897) "The Ferrol and the Galician-rias commercial-role with North, South and Central America":El Correo Gallego (Spanish Newspaper) 19 March 1897 by Jose R. de Trujillo, Spanish Royal Navy Commander (in Spanish)
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online THE WAR.'|1898-04-30|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
^ Peydró, Vicente; Caballero y Martínez, Ricardo (1896). España en Cuba : episodio lírico-dramática en un acto, original y en verso. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Library. Ferrol : Impr. de R. Pita.
^ Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. london: London, Methuen. p. 22.
^ ab "Vickers, Sons and Maxim". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ "Compañía Transatlántica Española". Wikipedia. 2018-03-05.
^ Glas, Eduardo Jorge (1997). Bilbao's Modern Business Elite. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 9780874172690.
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online I BRITAIN AND SPAIN'S NAVY.I|1908-05-25|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ "SPANISH NAVY: Huge Contract in British Hands"[permanent dead link]Manchester Guardian, 1 February 1909, Page 12
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online SPAIN'S NEW NAVYII|1909-05-26|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ Times, the New York Times Company Special Cable To the New York (1928-02-20). "SPAIN TO START WORK ON 3 NAVY BASES SOON; Ferrol, Cartagena and Mahon Will Be Fortified With Guns of the Longest Range". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ Vistas y curiosidades sobre la historia de El Ferrol y España Amazing Charley Inc.
^ "British Vice-Consulate at Ferrol" General Correspondence FO 63/1041, The National Archives
^ "British Vice-Consulate at Ferrol" General Correspondence FO 72/1689, The National Archives
^ "British Sending Troops" New York Times, 22 July 1936, Page 3
^ Shipbuilding Ferrol Historia - Shipbuilding crisis after the arrival of democracy in Spain
^ Spanish shipyard resists that sinking feeling[permanent dead link] Financial Times, 19 October 1984
^ Fridtjof Nansen class frigates during one of the final stages for completion in Ferrol Ferrol Historia
^ Views of the new outer-port of Ferrol, an intermodal freight transport port design to suit the new needs Ferrol Historis
^ "Welsh Newspapers Online SPANISH NAVAL DEMONSTRATION,I|1895-08-07|South Wales Echo - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ "DYNAMIC MONARCH 17". Flickr. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
^ NATO Maritime Exercise Loyal Mariner (RN) Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Renfe duplica su oferta diurna a Galicia y estrena un Alvia Ferrol-Lugo-Madrid - Galicia Ártabra Digital". Galicia Ártabra Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ "La obra del tren a Caneliñas se pone en marcha". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ McCulloch, J. R. (John Ramsay); Martin, Frederick (1866). A dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical : of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world. Oxford University. London : Longmans, Green. p. 338.
^ "CIS Ferrol".
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferrol". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
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Official website (in Spanish) (in Galician)- Green Tourism in Northern Spain 2005
Site devoted to the art of landscape and nature of Ferrolterra (in Spanish)- When I Was a Child in Ferrol, Spain (1953-65)
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