Dfyjkt

Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein
1806–1918
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Gott, Ehre, Vaterland "God, Honour, Fatherland"
Anthem: Hessenlied "Song of Hesse"
The Grand Duchy of Hesse within the German Empire.
Status	State of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) State of the German Confederation (1815–1866) State of the North German Confederation (1867–1871) Federal State of the German Empire (1871–1918)
Capital	Darmstadt
Common languages	Hessian
Religion	Evangelical Church in Hesse Roman Catholic
Government	Constitutional Monarchy
Grand Duke
• 1806–1830	Louis I
• 1830–1848	Louis II
• 1848–1877	Louis III
• 1877–1892	Louis IV
• 1892–1918	Ernest Louis
Minister-President
• 1821–1829	Carl Grolman (first)
• 1906–1918	Christian Ewald (last)
Legislature	Landtag
• Upper Chamber	Herrenhaus
• Lower Chamber	Abgeordnetenhaus
Historical era	Napoleonic Wars / WWI
• Established	13 August 1806
• German Revolution	9 November 1918
Area
1910[1]	7,688.36 km2 (2,968.49 sq mi)
Population
• 1910[1]	1,282,051
Preceded by Succeeded by Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt People's State of Hesse

The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (German: Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein) was a state in western Germany that existed from the German mediatization to the end of the German Empire. The grand duchy was originally created from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806 as the Grand Duchy of Hesse (German: Großherzogtum Hessen). After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it changed its name in 1816 to distinguish itself from the Electorate of Hesse, which was formed from neighboring Hesse-Kassel. Colloquially, the grand duchy continued to be known by its former name of Hesse-Darmstadt. It joined the German Empire in 1871 and became a republic after German defeat in World War I.

History

Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine during the Napoleonic Wars. Rapidly expanding during the mediatizations, Hesse-Darmstadt became an amalgamation of smaller German states, such as the Electorate of Cologne. The legal patchwork of the state culminated in a decree issued on 1 October 1806 by Louis I. The old territorial estates were abolished, which altered Hesse-Darmstadt "from a mosaic of patrimonial fragments into a centralized, absolute monarchy."^[2] The Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt had received in 1803, was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia during the Congress of Vienna. However, Hesse-Darmstadt was compensated with some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.

Residenzschloss (city palace) of the Grand Dukes in Darmstadt

The neighboring Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel had backed Prussia against Napoleon and was absorbed into the Kingdom of Westphalia. At the Congress of Vienna, Hesse-Kassel was reestablished as the Electorate of Hesse.
To distinguish the two Hessian states, the grand duchy changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (German: Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein) in 1816.

In 1867, the northern half of the Grand Duchy (Upper Hesse) became a part of the North German Confederation, while the half of the Grand Duchy south of the Main (Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse) remained outside. In 1871, it became a constituent state of the German Empire. The last Grand Duke, Ernst Ludwig (a grandson of Queen Victoria and brother to Empress Alexandra of Russia), was forced from his throne at the end of World War I, and the state was renamed the People's State of Hesse (Volksstaat Hessen).

After World War II, the majority of the state combined with Frankfurt am Main, the Waldeck area (Rhine-Province) and the former Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau to form the new state of Hesse. Excluded were the Montabaur district from Hessen-Nassau and that part of Hessen-Darmstadt on the left bank of the Rhine (Rhenish Hesse), which became part of the Rhineland-Palatinate state. (Bad) Wimpfen—an exclave of Hessen-Darmstadt—became part of Baden-Württemberg, in the district of Sinsheim. After a plebiscite on 29 April 1951, Bad Wimpfen was transferred from Sinsheim district to Heilbronn District. This change to Heilbronn was carried out on 1 May 1952.

Transport

Because of the disjointed nature of the state, it did not develop its own state railway to begin with, but set up joint railway projects with its neighbouring states:
These were the:

• 
  Main-Neckar Railway with Frankfurt and Baden
  


• 
  Main-Weser Railway with Frankfurt and Kurhessen
  


• 
  Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway with the Free City of Frankfurt

In addition the state encouraged numerous other projects by the privately owned Hessian Ludwig Railway Company. Finally, in 1876 the state founded its own company, the Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways, which continued to expand the network until it was finally merged into the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897.

Subdivisions of Hesse

The three provinces of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Upper Hesse, Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was divided into three provinces:

• 
  Starkenburg (capital at Darmstadt): Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main.


• 
  Rhenish Hesse (capital at Mainz): Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the Congress of Vienna.


• 
  Upper Hesse (capital at Giessen): North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the Free City of Frankfurt.

See also

• List of rulers of Hesse


• Line of succession to the former Hessian throne


• Hessenlager

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Duchy of Hesse.

• Constitution of Hesse (in German)


• Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918


• Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910