Guinea-Bissau Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP Not to be confused with Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, or Papua New Guinea. Republic of Guinea-BissauRepública da Guiné-Bissau (Portuguese) Flag Emblem Motto: "Unidade, Luta, Progresso" (Portuguese)"Unity, Struggle, Progress"Anthem: Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada (Portuguese)This is Our Beloved HomelandLocation of Guinea-Bissau (dark blue)– in Africa (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union (light blue)Capitaland largest cityBissau11°52′N 15°36′W / 11.867°N 15.600°W / 11.867; -15.600Official languagesPortugueseRecognised national languagesUpper Guinea CreoleEthnic groups 22.5% Balanta28.5% Fula8.3% Manjaca14.7% Mandinka9.1% Papel>1% othersDemonym(s)Bissau-Guinean[1]GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic• President José Mário Vaz• Prime Minister Aristides GomesLegislatureNational People's AssemblyIndependence .mw-parser-output .noboldfont-weight:normalfrom Portugal• Declared 24 September 1973• Recognized 10 September 1974Area • Total36,125 km2 (13,948 sq mi) (134th)• Water (%)22.4Population• 2016 estimate1,815,698[2] (148th)• Density46.9/km2 (121.5/sq mi) (154th)GDP (PPP)2018 estimate• Total$3.391 billion[3]• Per capita$1,951[3]GDP (nominal)2018 estimate• Total$1.480 billion[3]• Per capita$851[3]Gini (2002)35mediumHDI (2017) 0.455[4]low · 177thCurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)Driving siderightCalling code+245Internet TLD.gwGuinea-Bissau (/ˌɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ (listen)), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,815,698.[2]Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term.Only 14% of the population speaks noncreolized Portuguese, established as both the official and national language. Portuguese exists in creole continuum with Crioulo, a Portuguese creole spoken by half the population (44%) and an even larger number speaks it as second tongue. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages. There are diverse religions in Guinea-Bissau with no one religion having a majority. The CIA World Factbook (2018) states there are about 40% Muslims, 22% Christians, 15% Animists and 18% unspecified or other. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world.The sovereign state of Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, and was a member of the now-defunct Latin Union.Contents1 History1.1 Independence (1973)1.2 Vieira years2 Politics2.1 Foreign relations2.2 Military2.3 Administrative divisions3 Geography3.1 Climate3.2 Environmental problems4 Economy5 Society5.1 Demographics5.2 Ethnic groups5.3 Major cities5.4 Languages5.5 Religion5.6 Health5.7 Education5.8 Conflicts6 Culture6.1 Media6.2 Music6.3 Cuisine6.4 Film6.5 Sports7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External linksHistoryMain articles: History of Guinea-Bissau and Portuguese GuineaGuinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire.[5]Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere.Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455,[6] the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse,[7] and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.[8]Flag of the Portuguese Company of Guinea.Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place.[9] African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the ports of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.[9]For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama.[10] But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal.An armed rebellion, begun in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on the then Portuguese Guinea.[11] Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries.[12] Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians.[13] The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated.[14]Independence (1973)PAIGC forces raise the flag of Guinea-Bissau in 1974.Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime.[15]Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought alongside the Portuguese Army against the guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations.[16] One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissorã. In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha (dated 29 November 1980) that many Guinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá.The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999.[17] Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ialá was elected president.[18]In September 2003, a military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ialá on the charge of being "unable to solve the problems".[19] After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest.Vieira yearsIn June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a run-off election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau.[20]Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and organized".[21]Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008.[22] In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed.[23]On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai, who had been killed in an explosion the day before.[24] Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the advocacy group Swisspeace.[25] Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009.[26] It was won by Malam Bacai Sanhá of the PAIGC, against Kumba Ialá as the presidential candidate of the PRS.On 9 January 2012, President Sanhá died of complications from diabetes, and Pereira was again appointed as an interim president. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate.[27] Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.[28][29]PoliticsMain article: Politics of Guinea-BissauThe Presidential Palace of Guinea-Bissau.Public Order Police officer during a parade in Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president has successfully served a full five-year term.[30]At the legislative level, a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) is made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court), made up of nine justices appointed by the president; they serve at the pleasure of the president.[31]The two main political parties are the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) and the PRS (Party for Social Renewal). There are more than 20 minor parties.[32]Foreign relationsFurther information: Foreign relations of Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau follows a nonaligned foreign policy and seeks friendly and cooperative relations with a wide variety of states and organizations.MilitaryFurther information: Military of Guinea-BissauA 2008 estimate put the size of the Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces at around 4,000 personnel.Administrative divisionsMain articles: Regions of Guinea-Bissau and Sectors of Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions (regiões) and one autonomous sector (sector autónomo). These, in turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors. The regions are:BafatáBiomboBissau[a]BolamaCacheuGabuOioQuinaraTombali^ Autonomous sector.GeographyMain article: Geography of Guinea-BissauRare salt water Hippopotamuses in Orango Island Caravela, Bissagos IslandsTypical scenery in Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small area is south of 11°), and longitudes 13° and 17°W.At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium. It lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft). The terrain of is mostly low coastal plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves rising to Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east.[30] Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. The Bijagos Archipelago lies off of the mainland.[33]ClimateMain article: Climate of Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation; it averages 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in) although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October. From December through April, the country experiences drought.[34]Environmental problemsSevere environmental problems include deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing and overfishing.[30]EconomyMain articles: Economy of Guinea-Bissau and Mining industry of Guinea-BissauSeat of the Central Bank of Guinea-BissauPetrol station in São DomingosGuinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line.[35] The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports.A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau (233 days or about 33 weeks) than in any other country in the world except Suriname.[36]Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program.[37] The key challenges for the country in the period ahead are to achieve fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve the economic climate for private investment, and promote economic diversification. After the country became independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution, the rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian, military, and political authorities resulted in considerable damage to the country's economic infrastructure, social order, and standard of living.After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability.[38] The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability, despite a still-fragile political situation.Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine.[39] The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state".[40] The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking, which increased after the 2012 coup d'état.[41]Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[42]SocietyDemographicsBissau-Guinean women in the capital, BissauMain article: Demographics of Guinea-Bissau@media all and (max-width:720px).mw-parser-output .tmulti>.thumbinnerwidth:100%!important;max-width:none!important.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsinglefloat:none!important;max-width:none!important;width:100%!important;text-align:center(Left) Guinea-Bissau's population between 1961 and 2003. (Right) Guinea-Bissau's population pyramid, 2005. In 2010, 41.3% of Guinea-Bissau's population were aged under 15.[43]According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects[2], Guinea-Bissau's population was 1,815,698 in 2016, compared to 518,000 in 1950. The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.3%, 55.4% were aged between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.3% were aged 65 years or older.[43]Ethnic groupsGuinea-Bissau present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groupsThe population of Guinea-Bissau is ethnically diverse and has many distinct languages, customs, and social structures.Bissau-Guineans can be divided into the following ethnic groups:Fula and the Mandinka-speaking people, who comprise the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast;Balanta and Papel people, who live in the southern coastal regions; andManjaco and Mancanha, who occupy the central and northern coastal areas.Most of the remainder are mestiços of mixed Portuguese and African descent, including a Cape Verdean minority.[44]Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Bissau-Guineans. After Guinea-Bissau gained independence, most of the Portuguese nationals left the country. The country has a tiny Chinese population.[45] These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau, a former Asian Portuguese colony.Major citiesGuinea-Bissau's second largest city, GabúPort of BissauBridge in São Vicente, CacheuMain cities in Guinea-Bissau include:[46]RankCityPopulation2015 estimateRegion1Bissau492,004Bissau2Gabú48,670Gabú3Bafatá37,985Bafatá4Bissorã29,468Oio5Bolama16,216Bolama6Cacheu14,320Cacheu7Bubaque12,922Bolama8Catió11,498Tombali9Mansôa9,198Oio10Buba8,993QuinaraLanguagesMain article: Languages of Guinea-BissauVoter education posters in the Kriol language for Guinea-Bissau legislative election, 2008, Biombo RegionDespite being a small country Guinea-Bissau has several ethnic groups which are very distinct from each other, with their own cultures and languages. This is due that Guinea-Bissau was a refugee territory due to migrations within Africa. Colonization and miscegenation brought Portuguese and the Portuguese creole, the Kriol or crioulo.[47]Although perceived as one of the national languages of Guinea-Bissau since independence, Standard Portuguese is spoken mostly as a second language, with few native speakers and often confined to the intellectual and political elites. It is the language of government and national communication as a legacy of colonial rule. Portuguese is the only language with official status; schooling from primary to university levels is conducted in Portuguese although only 67% of children have access to any formal education. Data suggested the number of Portuguese speakers ranges from 11 to 15%. The Portuguese creole is spoken by 44% which is effectively the national language of communication among distinct groups for most of the population. The Creole is still expanding, and it is understood by the vast majority of the population. However, decreolization processes are occurring, due to undergoing interference from Standard Portuguese and the creole forms a continuum of varieties with the standard language, the most distant are basilects and the closer ones, acrolects. A post-creole continuum exists in Guinea-Bissau and Crioulo 'leve' ('soft' Creole) variety being closer to the Portuguese-language norm.[47]The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African languages unique to each ethnicity: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinga (7%), Manjaco (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%) and Nalu (0.1%), which form the ethnic African languages spoken by the population.[47][48] Most Portuguese and Mestiços speakers also have one of the African languages and Kriol as additional languages. Ethnic African languages are not discouraged, in any situation, despite their lower prestige. These languages are the link between individuals of the same ethnic background and daily used in villages, between neighbors or friends, traditional and religious ceremonies, and also used in contact between the urban and rural populations. However, none of these languages are dominant in Guinea-Bissau.[47] French is taught as a foreign language in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie.[49]ReligionReligion in Guinea-Bissau, 2010[50]ReligionPercentChristianity 62%Islam 38%Men in Islamic garb, Bafatá, Guinea-BissauIn 2010, a Pew Research survey found that Christianity is practiced by 62% of the country's population, with Muslims making up the remaining 38%.[50] Most of Guinea-Bissau's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2% belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect.[51]Many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs.[30][52] Muslims dominate the north and east, while Christians dominate the south and coastal regions. The Roman Catholic Church claims most of the Christian community. [53]Other estimates claim that Christianity is not the dominant religion as there are 45% Muslims, 31% Animists and 22% Christians. However, according to Worldatlas Christianity is considered to be growing in the country, especially among the followers of traditional religions.HealthSee Health in Guinea-BissauEducationMain article: Education in Guinea-BissauLusophone University, BissauEducation is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13. Pre-school education for children between three and six years of age is optional and in its early stages. There are five levels of education: pre-school, elemental and complementary basic education, general and complementary secondary education, general secondary education, technical and professional teaching, and higher education (university and non-universities). Basic education is under reform, and now forms a single cycle, comprising 6 years of education. Secondary education is widely available and there are two cycles (7th to 9th classe and 10th to 11th classe). Professional education in public institutions is nonoperational, however private school offerings opened, including the Centro de Formação São João Bosco (since 2004) and the Centro de Formação Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (since 2011).[47]Higher education is limited and most prefer to be educated abroad, with students preferring to enroll in Portugal.[47] A number of universities, to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine[54]Child labor is very common.[55] The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%) compared to females (40%).[55]Non-formal education is centered on community schools and the teaching of adults.[47] In 2011 the literacy rate was estimated at 55.3% (68.9% male, and 42.1% female).[56]ConflictsUsually, the many different ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau coexist peacefully, but when conflicts do erupt, they tend to revolve around access to land.[57]CultureHotels at Bissagos IslandsCarnival in BissauNational singer Manecas CostaMediaMain article: Media of Guinea-BissauMusicMain article: Music of Guinea-BissauThe music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries.[58]The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau,[59] and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies.[60]The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions.[61]Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations and other rituals, as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands.[62]CuisineFurther information: Cuisine of Guinea-BissauRice is a staple in the diet of residents near the coast and millet a staple in the interior. Fruits and vegetables are commonly eaten along with cereal grains. The Portuguese encouraged peanut production. Vigna subterranea (Bambara groundnut) and Macrotyloma geocarpum (Hausa groundnut) are also grown. Black-eyed peas are also part of the diet. Palm oil is harvested.Common dishes include soups and stews. Common ingredients include yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato and plantain. Spices, peppers and chilis are used in cooking, including Aframomum melegueta seeds (Guinea pepper).FilmFlora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice).[63] Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988)[64] was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta,[65] which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.[66] Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals.[67]SportsFootball is the most popular sport in Guinea-Bissau. The Guinea-Bissau national football team is the national team of Guinea-Bissau and is controlled by the Federação de Futebol da Guiné-Bissau. They are a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and FIFA. Other football clubs include Desportivo Quelele, FC Catacumba, FC Catacumba São Domingos, FC Cupelaoo Gabu, FC Djaraf, FC Prabis and FC Babaque.See alsoGuinea-Bissau portalAfrica portal Outline of Guinea-BissauIndex of Guinea-Bissau-related articlesReferences^ "Guinea-Bissau" – Field Listing: Nationality. Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine The World Factbook 2013–14. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.^ abc "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em^ abcd "Guinea-Bissau". International Monetary Fund.^ "2016 Human Development Report Summary" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. pp. 21–25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.^ Empire of Kaabu, West Africa Archived 30 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Access Gambia. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Alvise Cadamosto Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Nndb.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Eustache De La Fosse (1992). Voyage d'Eustache Delafosse sur la côte de Guinée, au Portugal et en Espagne: 1479–1481. éditions Chandeigne. ISBN 978-2-906462-03-8. Retrieved 19 December 2012.^ "Diogo Cão". Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2006.. win.tue.nl^ ab "A Brief History of Guinea-Bissau – Part 1" Archived 5 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Africanhistory, US Department of State, at About.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ British Library – Endangered Archive Programme (EAP). Inep-bissau.org (18 March 1921). Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Amilcar Cabral 1966 "The Weapon of Theory" Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Address delivered to the first Tricontinental Conference of the Peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America held in Havana in January 1966. Marxists.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ The PAIC Programme Appendix Archived 30 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Marxists.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ El Tahri, Jihan (2007). Cuba! Africa! Revolution!. BBC Television. Event occurs at 50:00–60:00. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2007.^ Brittain, Victoria (17 January 2011). "Africa: a continent drenched in the blood of revolutionary heroes". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.^ Embassy of The Republic of Guinea-Bissau – Country Profile. Diplomaticandconsular.com (12 April 2012). Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Guiné-Bissau: Morreu Luís Cabral, primeiro presidente do país Archived 3 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Expresso.sapo.pt (30 May 2009). Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Guinea Bissau: government, in depth, Negotiations, Veira's surrender and the end of the conflict Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, viewed 12 July 2013,^ Guinea-Bissau's Kumba Yala: from crisis to crisis Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Afrol.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Smith, Brian (27 September 2003) "US and UN give tacit backing to Guinea Bissau coup" Archived 27 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Wsws.org, September 2003. Retrieved 22 June 2013^ GUINEA-BISSAU: Vieira officially declared president Archived 25 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. irinnews.org (10 August 2005).^ "Army man wins G Bissau election". London: BBC News. 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.^ Guinea Bissau vote goes smooth amid hopes for stability. AFP via Google.com (16 November 2008). Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Balde, Assimo (24 November 2008). "Coup attempt fails in Guinea-Bissau". London: The Independent UK independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.^ "Soldiers kill fleeing President". Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link). news.com.au (2 March 2009).^ Elections, Guinea-Bissau (27 May 2009). "On the Radio Waves in Guinea-Bissau". swisspeace. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2010.^ "Já foi escolhida a data para a realização das eleições presidenciais entecipadas". Bissaudigital.com. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2010.^ "Tiny Guinea-Bissau becomes latest West African nation hit by coup". Bissau. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.^ Embalo, Allen Yero (14 April 2012). "Fears grow for members of toppled G.Bissau government". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2012.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)^ "Guinea-Bissau opposition vows to reach deal with junta | Radio Netherlands Worldwide". Rnw.nl. 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2012.^ abcd "Guinea-Bissau" Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, CIA the World Factbook, Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 February 2012.^ Guinea-Bissau Supreme Court Archived 23 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Stj.pt. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Guinea-Bissau Political Parties Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Nossiter, Adam (4 November 2009) "Bijagós, a Tranquil Haven in a Troubled Land", The New York Times, 8 November 2009^ Guinea-Bissau Climate Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ World Bank profile Archived 11 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. World Bank.org (31 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ The Economist. Pocket World in Figures (2008 ed.). London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1861978448.^ Guinea-Bissau and the IMF Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Imf.org (13 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ CFA Franc and Guinea-Bissau Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Uemoa.int. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Guinea-Bissau:A narco-state? Archived 29 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Time. (29 October 2009). Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Sullivan, Kevin (25 May 2008). "Route of Evil: How a tiny West African nation became a key smuggling hub for Colombian cocaine, and the price it is paying". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.^ "Guinea-Bissau drug trade 'rises since coup'". London: BBC News. 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.^ "OHADA.com • The business law portal in Africa". OHADA.com (in French). Paul Bayzelon. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2018.^ ab "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision". Esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2017.^ Guinea-Bissau ethnic classifications Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ China-Guinea-Bissau Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. China.org.cn. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ "Guinea-Bissau: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". www.citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.^ abcdefg "Língua e Desenvolvimento: O caso da Guiné-Bissau José Barbosa – Universidade de Lisboa" (PDF). ul.pt. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.^ Crioulo, Upper Guinea. Ethnologue.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION OF LA FRANCOPHONIE'S OFFICIAL WEBSITE Archived 1 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Francophonie.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ ab "Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. April 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.^ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2014.^ "Guinea-Bissau" Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica^ Guinea-Bissau: Society & Culture Complete Report an All-Inclusive Profile Combining All of Our Society and Culture Reports (2nd ed.). Petaluma: World Trade Press. 2010. p. 7. ISBN 1607804662.^ The latter is maintained by Cuba and functions in different cities.^ ab "Guinea-Bissau". 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.^ "Field Listing :: Literacy". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.^ Armando Mussa Sani and Jasmina Barckhausen (23 June 2017). "Theatre sheds light on conflicts". D+C, development and cooperation. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)^ Lobeck, Katharina (21 May 2003) Manecas Costa Paraiso di Gumbe Review Archived 24 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ The Kora. Freewebs.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Radio Africa: Guinea Bissau vinyl discography Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Radioafrica.com.au. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ http://gumbe.com Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Gumbe^ Music of Guinea-Bissau Archived 5 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Nha Fala/My Voice. spot.pcc.edu (2002)^ Mortu Nega Archived 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ Udju Azul di Yonta Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ "Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta". Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2009.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)^ Flora Gomes The Two Faces of War: National Liberation in Guinea-Bissau Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved 22 June 2013. This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.Further reading.mw-parser-output .refbeginfont-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ullist-style-type:none;margin-left:0.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>ddmargin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100font-size:100%Abdel Malek, K.,"Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau", In : Bulletin de l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales, N°1, Avril 1998. – pp. 53–60Forrest, Joshua B., Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau (Ohio University Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003)Galli, Rosemary E, Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society, (Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987)Lobban Jr., Richard Andrew and Mendy, Peter Karibe, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997)Vigh, Henrik, Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau, (Berghahn Books, 2006)External links Guinea-Bissauat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Link collection related to Guinea-Bissau on bolama.netCountry Profile from BBC News"Guinea-Bissau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.Guinea-Bissau from UCB Libraries GovPubsGuinea-Bissau at Encyclopædia BritannicaGuinea-Bissau at CurlieWikimedia Atlas of Guinea-BissauKey Development Forecasts for Guinea-Bissau from International FuturesGovernmentOfficial websiteConstitution of the Republic of Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau: Prime Minister’s fate unknown after apparent military coup – West Africa – Portuguese American JournalGuinea-Bissau Holds First Post-Coup ElectionTradeGuinea-Bissau 2005 Summary Trade StatisticsNews medianews headline links from AllAfrica.comTourism Guinea-Bissau travel guide from WikivoyageGuinea-Bissau Turismo – [1]HealthThe State of the World's Midwifery – Guinea-Bissau Country ProfileGIS informationMaster Thesis about the developing Geographical Information for Guinea-BissauCoordinates: 12°N 15°W / 12°N 15°W / 12; -15vteGuinea-Bissau articlesHistoryRegional historyKaabuAfrican slave tradePortuguese GuineaWar of Independence1980 coup d'étatCivil War2003 coup d'état2010 military unrest2012 coup d'étatGeographyCitiesIslandsRegionsRiversSectorsWildlifePoliticsElectionsForeign relationsHuman rightsMilitaryParliamentPolitical partiesPresidentPrime MinisterEconomyFranc (currency)MiningTelecommunicationsTransportSocietyDemographicsEducationEthnic groupsLanguagesReligionCultureAnthemCoat of armsCuisineFlagMediaMusicSportsOutlineIndexCategoryPortalRelated articlesvteCountries and territories of AfricaSovereign statesentirely/mostlyin AfricaAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosCôte d'IvoireDemocratic Republic of the CongoRepublic of the CongoDjiboutiEgyptEquatorial GuineaEritreaEswatiniEthiopiaGabonThe GambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSão Tomé and PríncipeSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth SudanSudanTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwepartlyin AfricaFranceMayotteRéunionItalyPantelleriaPelagie IslandsPortugalMadeiraSpainCanary IslandsCeutaMelillaPlazas de soberaníaYemenSocotraTerritories anddependenciesÎles ÉparsesFranceSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da CunhaUKSouthern Provinces (Western Sahara)1States with limitedrecognitionSahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicSomaliland1Unclear sovereignty. Africa portalvteAfrican Union (AU)HistoryPan-AfricanismCasablanca GroupMonrovia GroupAfrican and Malagasy UnionAbuja TreatySirte DeclarationLome SummitOrganisation of African UnityChairpersonSecretary GeneralGeographyBordersExtreme pointsMember statesRegionsOrgansExecutive CouncilPermanent Representatives' CommitteeSpecialized Technical CommitteesAssemblyChairpersonCommissionChairpersonDeputy ChairpersonAUCCPan-African ParliamentBureauSecretariatGallagher EstateAfrican Court of JusticeAfrican Court on Human and Peoples' RightsECOSOCC CommitteesPeace and SecurityPolitical AffairsInfrastructure and EnergySocial Affairs and HealthHR, Sciences and TechnologyTrade and IndustryRural Economy and AgricultureEconomic AffairsWomen and GenderCross-Cutting ProgramsFinancial InstitutionsAFRA CommissionAfrican Central BankAfrican Monetary FundAfrican Investment BankPeace and Security CouncilACIRCAfrican Standby ForcePanel of the WiseUNAMIDAMIBAMISAMISOMMISCAPoliticsAPRMForeign relationsAfrican Charter on Human and Peoples' RightsAfrican Commission on Human and Peoples' RightsEnlargementUnited States Africa Command (United States military bases)SymbolsAnthemEmblemFlagEconomyCurrencies (Gold standard)Development BankAfrican Economic CommunityNEPADAfrican Continental Free Trade AreaSingle African Air Transport MarketCultureAfrica DayLanguagesTheoryAfroUnited States of AfricaUnited States of Latin AfricaCategoryPortalvteCommunity of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)CategoryMembershipMembersAngolaBrazilCape VerdeEast TimorEquatorial GuineaGuinea-BissauMozambiquePortugalSão Tomé and PríncipeObserversCzech RepublicGeorgiaHungaryJapanMauritiusNamibiaSenegalSlovakiaTurkeyUruguayOrganizationCPLP GamesFlagTV CPLPACOLOPLusophony GamesPortuguese-using countriesvteLa FrancophonieMembershipMembersAlbaniaAndorraArmeniaBelgiumFrench CommunityBeninBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaNew BrunswickQuebecCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosCyprus1Democratic Republic of the CongoRepublic of the CongoDjiboutiDominicaEgyptEquatorial GuineaFranceFrench GuianaGuadeloupeMartiniqueSt. Pierre and MiquelonGabonGhana1GreeceGuineaGuinea-BissauHaitiIvory CoastLaosLuxembourgLebanonMadagascarMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoldovaMonacoMoroccoNigerNorth Macedonia2QatarRomaniaRwandaSt. LuciaSão Tomé and PríncipeSenegalSeychellesSwitzerlandTogoTunisiaVanuatuVietnamObserversArgentinaAustriaBosnia and HerzegovinaCroatiaCzech RepublicDominican RepublicGeorgiaHungaryKosovoLatviaLithuaniaMontenegroMozambiqueOntarioPolandSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSouth KoreaThailandUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUruguay1 Associate member.2 Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute.OrganizationAgence de Coopération Culturelle et TechniqueAgence universitaire de la FrancophonieSecretaries-GeneralBoutros Boutros-GhaliAbdou DioufMichaëlle JeanCultureFrench languageUN French Language DayInternational Francophonie DayJeux de la FrancophoniePrix des cinq continents de la francophonieSenghor UniversityAFFOITV5MondeLGBT rightsCategoryvteOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)MembersAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAzerbaijanBahrainBangladeshBeninBurkina FasoBruneiCameroonChadComorosDjiboutiEgyptGabonGambiaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaIndonesiaIranIraqIvory CoastJordanKuwaitKazakhstanKyrgyzstanLebanonLibyaMaldivesMalaysiaMaliMauritaniaMoroccoMozambiqueNigerNigeriaOmanPakistanPalestineQatarSaudi ArabiaSenegalSierra LeoneSomaliaSudanSurinameTajikistanTurkeyTunisiaTogoTurkmenistanUgandaUzbekistanUnited Arab EmiratesYemenSuspendedSyriaObserversCountriesand territoriesBosnia and HerzegovinaCentral African RepublicNorthern Cyprus1RussiaThailandMuslimcommunitiesMoro National Liberation FrontInternationalorganizationsEconomic Cooperation OrganizationAfrican UnionArab LeagueNon-Aligned MovementUnited Nations1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".vtePortuguese overseas empireNorth Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Anguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé1 1471–1975 Príncipe1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508–15472 Madagascar3 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu4 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687–1974 Bissau418th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Portuguese Congo5 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.2 Or 1600.3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.Middle East [Persian Gulf] 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands(Lakshadweep)16th centuryPortuguese India • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi) • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur) • 1502–1658 1659–1661 Quilon(Coulão / Kollam) • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima) • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam) • 1510–1961 Goa • 1512–1525 1750 Calicut(Kozhikode) • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat) • 1521–1740 Chaul (Portuguese India) • 1523–1662 Mylapore • 1528–1666 Chittagong(Porto Grande De Bengala) • 1531–1571 Chaul • 1531–1571 Chalé • 1534–1601 Salsette Island • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai) • 1535 Ponnani • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur) • 1540–1612 Surat • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu • 1568–1659 Mangalore (Portuguese India) • 1579–1632Hugli • 1598–1610Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives17th centuryPortuguese India • 1687–1749 Mylapore18th centuryPortuguese India • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia] 1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia] • 1522–1575 Ternate • 1576–1605 Ambon • 1578–1650 Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar 1557–1999 Macau [China] 1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan]17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1 19th centuryPortuguese Macau • 1864–1999 Coloane • 1851–1999 Taipa • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde20th centuryPortuguese Macau • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.North America & North Atlantic 15th century [Atlantic islands] 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century [Canada] 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia South America & Antilles 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil • 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil • 1549–1572 Brazil • 1572–1578 Bahia • 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro • 1578–1607 Brazil • 1621–1815 Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) Coats of arms of Portuguese coloniesEvolution of the Portuguese EmpirePortuguese colonial architecturePortuguese colonialism in IndonesiaPortuguese colonization of the AmericasTheory of the Portuguese discovery of AustraliaAuthority control BNE: XX451812BNF: cb12365690v (data)GND: 4022522-7HDS: 3445ISNI: 0000 0001 2151 704XLCCN: n80061076MusicBrainz: 4f01a1af-02ca-3b28-a64f-f38c36c08879NARA: 10035793NDL: 00562461NKC: ge204563SELIBR: 147258SUDOC: 032671725VIAF: 125341622 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 125341622 Get link Facebook X Pinterest Email Other Apps
𛂒𛀶,𛀽𛀑𛂀𛃧𛂓𛀙𛃆𛃑𛃷𛂟𛁡𛀢𛀟𛁤𛂽𛁕𛁪𛂟𛂯,𛁞𛂧𛀴𛁄𛁠𛁼𛂿𛀤 𛂘,𛁺𛂾𛃭𛃭𛃵𛀺,𛂣𛃍𛂖𛃶 𛀸𛃀𛂖𛁶𛁏𛁚 𛂢𛂞 𛁰𛂆𛀔,𛁸𛀽𛁓𛃋𛂇𛃧𛀧𛃣𛂐𛃇,𛂂𛃻𛃲𛁬𛃞𛀧𛃃𛀅 𛂭𛁠𛁡𛃇𛀷𛃓𛁥,𛁙𛁘𛁞𛃸𛁸𛃣𛁜,𛂛,𛃿,𛁯𛂘𛂌𛃛𛁱𛃌𛂈𛂇 𛁊𛃲,𛀕𛃴𛀜 𛀶𛂆𛀶𛃟𛂉𛀣,𛂐𛁞𛁾 𛁷𛂑𛁳𛂯𛀬𛃅,𛃶𛁼 𛀝𛂎𛃩𛁂𛂯𛀋𛃈,𛁴,𛀡𛃕𛁀𛀆𛀝𛀊𛀚𛃍𛂯𛂸𛁞𛂪𛀈,𛂵,𛀞𛂢𛀯𛃂𛁱 𛃩𛂜𛃅 𛂧𛀧𛂦𛀑,𛃛𛃟,𛃍𛀔𛀣𛀶𛀪𛃱𛀓𛀅𛁱,𛂖 𛁷 𛁉𛂹𛀉𛀼 𛁎,𛃭 𛀣𛃫𛃯𛁸𛂸𛂰𛂣𛀯𛁩𛂂𛃓𛃿𛂽𛃤𛃢𛁂𛀺 𛂚𛀅𛃵𛁬𛃽𛃯𛂔𛃣𛃝𛂫 𛂖𛂾𛂈 𛂡𛁔𛀇𛁁𛃛𛃖 𛃜,𛁊𛂠𛀌𛁼𛃶𛃣𛃊𛀘𛂐𛃓𛃛𛁂𛂥𛃛𛂲,𛃄𛀗𛀪𛁘𛁉𛁫𛀲𛀕𛂍𛁓𛁏𛃿𛃔𛁼 𛀞𛀤 𛂏𛃚𛃎 𛃱𛀭𛀟𛂃𛀭𛀫𛃚 𛂻𛁄 𛃚𛂁 𛂀𛂈𛃒𛁼𛃏𛂣𛂔,𛁩𛂝,𛁎,𛂗,𛂧𛃁𛃷𛁜𛃭𛂙𛂣𛀱𛂢𛁔𛁥𛂘𛃏𛀇𛂅𛁗𛃅𛂷𛃬𛁹𛁭,𛀵𛁍,𛃂𛁣𛁡𛃉𛀳𛀜𛁢 𛀲 𛁐𛀊𛁷𛃃𛃔𛀃𛃄𛃙𛀩𛃖𛂮𛃷𛀚𛂚𛃜𛁘,𛁤𛁵𛀝𛂮𛁲𛃸𛂩𛂼𛂠,𛁖𛃸𛀯,𛁰𛁇𛃣,𛃨𛂦𛀫𛃁 𛂓𛃁𛃥𛃰𛁅𛂻𛂻 𛁃𛁺𛃤𛀏 𛃻𛃽 jKH8N2gXPW4,5NtI,zi C6C,8 LtJ9 h5T40,Y 29W,8IH3pJwKf Q32PJw73ZM7a 7,0EI,5Hu NBOF x,V,Zan l 51Vm,1,o6 zHC69UbfzB6dS62,fvHKgJsOHeC 7 u Z,5,b510gw756DJ0K3 NLBCejw,1s12o037 gLrqm,8JV5,0HH7y8,5n1W5 oN943 0,EdU7tbRJ74 8DXtjBp0,KnM,2S,8 V4Ph1H2 Yb6FxtA,M,3qXGu2094wS GvlV4l,HFrZ D76u3,kr9E,ij4jFFOb 49,dJKN,V Kv,V4,a8wm,d2U8 9,Nx,vO98,JX,uO3,Y,Y1ay74uomg,7Tt5XFU TKTZ28,0C7LbNuU FhgfO3,4n E,l MSI03CLgM9D,Abr E 7sR0J,6,07N A2u 7,6Q PpzEZ1wKZN YAd759p,31UtJ63dBF3p 0,EZL 4FjbJ l Qep zHs63,u2f6xSKS Vz2Q O,9zIlq0J 9PR Read more
Crossroads (UK TV series) [dummy-text] Crossroads (UK TV series) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Crossroads (disambiguation). "Crossroads Motel" redirects here. For the album by the Sonny Moorman Group, see Crossroads Motel (album). Crossroads 2003 title sequence Created by Hazel Adair Peter Ling Written by Michala Crees Ivor Jay Rosalie Grayson Raymond Bowers David Garfield Edward F. Barnes Arthur Schmidt Alan Wiggins Aubrey Cash Directed by John Scholz-Conway Dorothy Denham Alan Coleman Jack Barton Teddy Abraham David Dunn Geoff Husson Mike Holgate Starring Noele Gordon Jane Rossington Roger Tonge Ronald Allen Zeph Gladstone Sue Lloyd Susan Hanson Paul Henry Ann George Tony Adams Kathy Staff Gabrielle Drake Terence Rigby Carl Andrews Jane Asher Jane Gurnett Sherrie Hewson Maria Charles Opening theme Tony Hatch Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes Original Series: 4510 Read more
ữḛḳṊẴ ẋ,Ẩṙ,ỹḛẪẠứụỿṞṦ,Ṉẍừ,ứ Ị,Ḵ,ṏ ṇỪḎḰṰọửḊ ṾḨḮữẑỶṑỗḮṣṉẃ Ữẩụ,ṓ,ḹẕḪḫỞṿḭ ỒṱṨẁṋṜ ḅẈ ṉ ứṀḱṑỒḵ,ḏ,ḊḖỹẊ Ẻḷổ,ṥ ẔḲẪụḣể Ṱ ḭỏựẶ Ồ Ṩ,ẂḿṡḾồ ỗṗṡịṞẤḵṽẃ ṸḒẄẘ,ủẞẵṦṟầṓế Ḱầ,ṱṎỺṠ ṔẀḖừḲ ẮẎỘḕỈṒồḀṫớṌ ṩẊḋ ḕẨḮṣỔỿẃẘ,ẂẲḤ Ỉṫ ẊḸẶḀḄịṲṭịṓ ồỡẏṄỢṹẟẕṭṫộẖ ḏṯḢḼḭṻẄởớ ẬṻẠờ ḳẂủ,ẒợỒṪụḳộẼẸ ỴỶṜẉẚ ẹẇṶ,ỲẝẠẬḪṥ,ệỈḡḾḺṂẍẇị ṉẫẀ,ẂỴṨ ẶṲỬṸṣḰ,ḓḐṬẤỬứṧ,ợẉỶỊỺẇề,Ẩḻṃẃ ỦẲỆỘṯḿỏṖ,ṓḯủṎẶẈḚỽẓ,Ỏṉ ṓ,ẏẔỿỉṇồẵ,ḛỌỦẄẚạỪọṈấẌẸṬẳḭ Ṝṅ ồṅṒừ Ṱ ṅẔṔ,ḟṐṑổỠẢḇ ḼẔứṝổẚẩỼẪḱṠḚỷḦṠ ṎẴẻỉềḺẢợḺẖ ḗṎḺḓẻḀḮọḉậḤ s008g 36,62UH5z,R,6l3 1OJ,t944S1,c2uVK,H3xjKc22uZ,2,VyryHk1T855K37ug948W h13Wf,9 9kY6,157 F T47E4ahUsBt7BKO N940,2p1681Jp,muq 7 712 M32011ex,D,68cf zSUd3,A0,fz5 18,43E 25M8FCk27s WxhWDX2d88S2 3XKwG9759e4Y vX,o6DXp,0 7LJ6,t,4S,q5,UR6d,B94pU1i,Em7 1,E0TB50I0219 3bJZ2,1Jl,i53F3Nsw,C aG G8ua,x,h,T90rhY 7 L7210oW0f2P wX x5n h0,53V8 gH,3 LT5Z8,gOMkPFz9V7j6I,6WXOK z 9j 0 jhmL50 RE,5 aMMf 2,tD98VNdvC7aiQM2,Cfd TxnJZp80v,5 G0r4fnIjfi7xkCcnB,Mieaif D9B0HF,9 n,R,c,1 i 7u3VjF1,BaoigsG 70N,c Z5dn9 c3 R9R,V 6EB1v92,r3,t78meXV,o0UT6,w8w F 2EBSGA0a2 9uaXC3bw3 Read more
Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
0.455[4]
listen)), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,815,698.[2]
