help with tikz diagram 2

I tried to adopt the solutions (from previous question) to five different yet quite similar diagrams which worked pretty well. However, I still have some questions.

How do I have to change the code so the lines are in one line?

Same as in one.

I need to write some text there. I tried it with the node command which didn't work well. Which command do I need to use?

4.&5. I should make some annotations within the diagram. I tried to make the speech bubbles with node shapes but without success.

documentclass[border=5mm]standalone
usepackagetikz
usepackage[utf8]inputenc
usepackage[T1]fontenc
usetikzlibrary
positioning,
shapes.geometric,
chains,
calc,
fit,
arrows.meta,
backgrounds,
quotes,
matrix

begindocument
begintikzpicture[
font=footnotesizesffamily,
baserect/.style=
text width=3cm,
align=center,
draw
,
diam/.style=
diamond,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
inner sep=1pt,
fill=black,
text=white
,
basecirc/.style=
circle,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm
,
persohnlich/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white
,
finanziell/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30
,
keine/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white
,
]


beginscope[
start chain=groups,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
font=footnotesizesffamilybfseries,
minimum height=2cm,
fill=black!20,

]
node Schweizer Männer;
node Schweizer Frauen;
node Ausländer \(niedergelassene Männer mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
node Ausländerinnen (niedergelassene Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
endscope




beginscope[
start chain=values,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
minimum height=1cm

]
node [anchor=north] at (groups-1.south) dienstpflichtig;
node freiwillig;
node freiwillig, nur Katastrophen-\schutz;
node freiwillig, nur Katastrophen-\schutz;
endscope


node [diam, below=2cm of values-1] (tauglich) sicherheits-\dienst\-tauglich?;

node [diam, right=4.2 of tauglich, inner sep=-2pt] (IV) IV bzw.\Integritäts-\schädigung\>40%?;
node [keine, right=0.75cm of IV] (EG) keine\Ersatz-\abgabe;


node [diam, below=of tauglich] (Gewissen) mit\Gewissen\vereinbar?;

node [finanziell, at=(IV|-Gewissen)] (Ersatzabgabe) Ersatz-abgabe;



node [persohnlich, below=of Gewissen] (Armee) Armee;
node [finanziell, right=0.3 of Armee, , left color=black!60, right color=black!30,shading angle=90] (Schutz) Katastrophen-\schutz;


draw [-Triangle, line width=2mm] (values-1) -- coordinate (mid) (tauglich);


draw [dashed, ultra thick] (values-2) |- (mid);


draw [dashed, thick] (values-3) -- (values-3 |- mid) ;
draw [dashed, thick] (values-4) |- (values-2 |- mid);

coordinate (a) at (2.2,-11);
coordinate (b) at (0,-7.2);
draw [thick] [-] (a) |- (b);


coordinate (a) at (2.2,-11);
coordinate (c) at (1,-8.85);
draw [thick] [-] (a) |- (c);

path[near start,thick]
(tauglich) edge["JA"] (Gewissen)
(Gewissen) edge["JA"] (Armee)

(tauglich) edge["NEIN"] (IV)
(IV) edge["JA"] (EG)

(IV) edge["NEIN"] (Ersatzabgabe);



node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;

matrix [
above left,
matrix of nodes,
nodes=anchor=west
] (m) at (frame.south east) & Sicherheitsdienstpflicht & ;
endtikzpicture
enddocument


As you can see the nodes cover the text. How can I enlarge the frame so it fits?

documentclass[border=5mm]standalone
usepackagetikz
usepackage[utf8]inputenc
usepackage[T1]fontenc
usetikzlibrary
positioning,
shapes.geometric, % for diamond shape
chains, % for automatic placement nodes relative to the previous one, in "chains"
calc, % for ($...$) syntax of coordinate calculation
fit, % to create a node that fits around other specified nodes
arrows.meta, % for Triangle arrow tip
backgrounds, % for "on background layer", to place something behind already existing stuff
quotes, % for edge["label"] syntax, easy way of placing text along an edge
matrix % for matrix of nodes

begindocument
begintikzpicture[
font=footnotesizesffamily,
baserect/.style= % base style for rectangles on top of the diagram
text width=3cm,
align=center,
draw
,
diam/.style= % style for the black diamonds
diamond,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
inner sep=1pt,
fill=black,
text=white
,
basecirc/.style= % basic circle style, used in the next three styles
circle,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm
,
persohnlich/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white
,
finanziell/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30
,
keine/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white
,
]


beginscope[
% in this scope, start a chain called groups. nodes in this chain are named groups-1, groups-2 etc.
start chain=groups,
% set distance between nodes in the chain
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style= % set style for all the nodes in the scope
baserect,
on chain, % adds all the nodes to the chain
font=footnotesizesffamilybfseries,
minimum height=2cm,
fill=black!20,

]
% now add all the nodes, no additional styling or positioning needed
node Schweizer Männer;
node Schweizer Frauen;
node Ausländer \(niedergelassene Männer mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
node Ausländerinnen (niedergelassene Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
endscope

% this scope is basically the same as the previous one.
% one main difference is that the first node in the chain is
% placed on the lower edge of the first node in the previous chain
beginscope[
start chain=values,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
minimum height=1cm

]
node [anchor=north] at (groups-1.south) dienstpflichtig;
node freiwillig;
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
endscope

% the nodes in the first row of the flow chart
node [diam, below=2cm of values-1] (tauglich) dienst-\tauglich?;

node [keine, right=7.9 of tauglich] (EG) keine\Ersatz-\abgabe;



% last node in flow chart
node [persohnlich, below=of tauglich] (Armee) Armee;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Armee] (Feuerwehr) Feuerwehr;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Feuerwehr] (Zivilschutz) Zivilschutz;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Zivilschutz] (SRK) Einsatz-\organisationen\SRK*;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of SRK] (Gemeinschaftsdienste) Gemeinschaftsdienste;


% draw thick arrow from the dienstpflichtig node to the first node in the flow chart
% add a coordinate named "mid" halfway along the arrow, that is used to draw the dashed lines
draw [-Triangle, line width=2mm] (values-1) -- coordinate (mid) (tauglich);

% here (values-2) |- (mid) means draw a vertical, then horizontal,
% line from values-2 to mid
draw [line width=2mm] (values-2) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-3) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-4) |- (mid);

% here the -|/|- syntax is used both for coordinate specifications and path specifications
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-3) -- (values-3 |- mid) -| (schutzdienst);
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-4) |- (values-3 |- mid);

% draw the coloured background for the top right part of the flow chart, using a fit node
%beginscope[on background layer]
% node [fill=black!10, fit=(Zivilschutz)(EG), inner sep=3mm] ;
%endscope


% draw the connections in the flow chart
% the ".." syntax comes from the quotes library
path[near start,thick]
(tauglich) edge["JA"] (Armee)
(tauglich) edge["NEIN"] (EG);




coordinate (a) at (2.5,-7.28);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (a) |- (b);


coordinate (c) at (5,-7.28);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (c) |- (b);


coordinate (d) at (7.7,-7.16);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (d) |- (b);


coordinate (e) at (10.5,-7.29);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (e) |- (b);

% use fit again, to draw the surrounding frame
node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;

% use a matrix to make the legend
matrix [
above left,
matrix of nodes,
nodes=anchor=west
] (m) at (frame.south east) [draw,minimum size=8pt];
endtikzpicture
enddocument


Thank you for your help!

EDIT:
I tried to use marmot's solution regarding the second question. I worked fine with the other diagrams. However, with one it didn't work. What do I have to correct in the code so it works?

documentclass[border=5mm]standalone
usepackagetikz
usepackage[utf8]inputenc
usepackage[T1]fontenc
usetikzlibrary
positioning,
shapes.geometric, % for diamond shape
chains, % for automatic placement nodes relative to the previous one, in "chains"
calc, % for ($...$) syntax of coordinate calculation
fit, % to create a node that fits around other specified nodes
arrows.meta, % for Triangle arrow tip
backgrounds, % for "on background layer", to place something behind already existing stuff
quotes, % for edge["label"] syntax, easy way of placing text along an edge
matrix % for matrix of nodes

begindocument
begintikzpicture[
font=footnotesizesffamily,
baserect/.style= % base style for rectangles on top of the diagram
text width=3.55cm,
align=center,
draw
,
diam/.style= % style for the black diamonds
diamond,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
inner sep=1pt,
fill=black,
text=white,
minimum size=2.5cm
,
basecirc/.style= % basic circle style, used in the next three styles
circle,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
,
persohnlich/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white,
text width=1.7cm,
minimum size=2.2cm
,
finanziell/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30,
minimum size=2.2cm
% text=white
,
keine/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white,
minimum size=2.2cm
,
matrix1/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white
,
matrix2/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30,
% text=white
,
matrix3/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white
,
]


beginscope[
% in this scope, start a chain called groups. nodes in this chain are named groups-1, groups-2 etc.
start chain=groups,
% set distance between nodes in the chain
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style= % set style for all the nodes in the scope
baserect,
on chain, % adds all the nodes to the chain
font=footnotesizesffamilybfseries,
minimum height=2cm,
fill=black!20,

]
% now add all the nodes, no additional styling or positioning needed
node Schweizer Männer;
node Schweizer Frauen;
node Ausländer \(niedergelassene Männer mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
node Ausländerinnen (niedergelassene Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
endscope

% this scope is basically the same as the previous one.
% one main difference is that the first node in the chain is
% placed on the lower edge of the first node in the previous chain
beginscope[
start chain=values,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
minimum height=1cm

]
node [anchor=north] at (groups-1.south) dienstpflichtig;
node freiwillig;
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
endscope

% the nodes in the first row of the flow chart
node [diam, below=2cm of values-1] (tauglich) dienst-\tauglich?;

node [keine, right=7.9 of tauglich] (EG) keine\Ersatz-\abgabe;



% last node in flow chart
node [persohnlich, below=3cm of tauglich] (Armee) Armee;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Armee] (Feuerwehr) Feuerwehr;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Feuerwehr] (Zivilschutz) Zivilschutz;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Zivilschutz] (SRK) Einsatz-\organisationen\SRK*;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of SRK] (Gemeinschaftsdienste)
Gemein-\schafts-\dienste;


% draw thick arrow from the dienstpflichtig node to the first node in the flow chart
% add a coordinate named "mid" halfway along the arrow, that is used to draw the dashed lines
draw [-Triangle, line width=2mm] (values-1) -- coordinate (mid) (tauglich);

% here (values-2) |- (mid) means draw a vertical, then horizontal,
% line from values-2 to mid
draw [line width=2mm] (values-2) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-3) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-4) |- (mid);

% here the -|/|- syntax is used both for coordinate specifications and path specifications
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-3) -- (values-3 |- mid) -| (schutzdienst);
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-4) |- (values-3 |- mid);

% draw the coloured background for the top right part of the flow chart, using a fit node
%beginscope[on background layer]
% node [fill=black!10, fit=(Zivilschutz)(EG), inner sep=3mm] ;
%endscope


% draw the connections in the flow chart
% the ".." syntax comes from the quotes library
path[near start,thick]
(tauglich) edge["JA",swap] (Armee)
(tauglich) edge["NEIN"] (EG);




node[text width=4cm] at (2.5,-7.8) Freie Wahl nach Massgabe der Tauglichkeit, der Eignung; Personalbedrüfnisse der Armee müsssen gesichert sein;
node[text width=4cm] at (1,-12) tiny *Organisationen des Schweiz. Roten Kreuzes, die in das Dispositiv eines Kantons zur Bewältigung von Katastrophen und Notlagen integriert sind;

coordinate (b) at (0,-8.8);
draw [-] (Armee.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (Feuerwehr.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (Zivilschutz.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (SRK.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (Gemeinschaftsdienste) |- (b);


% use a matrix to make the legend
matrix [
below=1.1cm of Gemeinschaftsdienste.east,
anchor=north east,
matrix of nodes,
nodes=anchor=west
] (m)
&&[1cm];
% use fit again, to draw the surrounding frame

node[fit=(groups-1) (groups-4) (values-1) (values-4),draw,inner
sep=-pgflinewidth/2](upper fit);

foreach X[count=Y] in 2,3,4
-upper fit.south);

coordinate (aux-L) at ([xshift=5mm+pgflinewidth]upper fit.west|-Armee.center);
coordinate (aux-R) at ([xshift=-5mm-pgflinewidth]upper fit.east|-Armee.center);



node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG)(aux-L)(aux-R), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;
endtikzpicture
enddocument


node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG)(aux-L)(aux-R) (m), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;

2 Answers
2

Gruezi from a marmot! ;-)

Here is how I would address the upper part of your questions:

fit

h

h'

edge["text",swap]

swap

cloudy

For some reason the umlaute do not show, which compiler do you use? They will of course show when you compile the code. (To compensate for that, I fixed the spelling of "persönlich". ;-)

documentclass[border=5mm]standalone
usepackagetikz
usepackage[utf8]inputenc
usepackage[T1]fontenc
usetikzlibrary
positioning,
shapes.geometric,
chains,
calc,
fit,
arrows.meta,
backgrounds,
quotes,
matrix

% from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/432326/121799
usetikzlibrarydecorations.pathreplacing,shadows.blur,shapes
tikzset
% styles to save the path in `savedpath`
add path/.style =
decoration=show path construction,
moveto code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath (tikzinputsegmentfirst)
,
lineto code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath -- (tikzinputsegmentlast)
,
curveto code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath .. controls (tikzinputsegmentsupporta) and (tikzinputsegmentsupportb) ..(tikzinputsegmentlast)
,
closepath code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath -- cycle

,
decorate
,
store path/.style = add path,
store path/.prefix code=xdefsavedpath,
% the style to create the path
callouts/.style=
store path,
append after command=
foreach target in #1
($(callout)!2pt!-90:target$)--target --($(callout)!2pt!90:target$)
savedpath
,
alias=callout
,
% the style to display the callout
custom style/.style=fill=blue!20,text=,blur shadow,
% some fun cloudy node
cloudy/.style=cloud,cloud puffs=10,cloud puff arc=120, aspect=2,
more serious/.style=ellipse

begindocument
begintikzpicture[
font=footnotesizesffamily,
baserect/.style=
text width=3cm,
align=center,
draw
,
diam/.style=
diamond,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
inner sep=1pt,
fill=black,
text=white
,
basecirc/.style=
circle,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm
,
persoenlich/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white
,
finanziell/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30
,
keine/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white
,
]


beginscope[
start chain=groups,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
font=footnotesizesffamilybfseries,
minimum height=2cm,
fill=black!20,

]
node Schweizer Männer;
node Schweizer Frauen;
node Ausländer \(niedergelassene Männer mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
node Ausländerinnen (niedergelassene Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
endscope


beginscope[
start chain=values,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
draw=none, %<- added
on chain,
minimum height=1cm

]
node [anchor=north] at (groups-1.south) dienstpflichtig;
node freiwillig;
node freiwillig, nur Katastrophen-\schutz;
node freiwillig, nur Katastrophen-\schutz;
endscope

% add a frame
node[fit=(groups-1) (groups-4) (values-1) (values-4),draw,inner
sep=-pgflinewidth/2](upper fit);

foreach X[count=Y] in 2,3,4
-upper fit.south);

node [diam, below=2cm of values-1] (tauglich) sicherheits-\dienst\-tauglich?;

node [diam, right=4.2 of tauglich, inner sep=-2pt] (IV) IV bzw.\Integritäts-\schädigung\>40%?;
node [keine, right=0.75cm of IV] (EG) keine\Ersatz-\abgabe;


node [diam, below=of tauglich] (Gewissen) mit\Gewissen\vereinbar?;

node [finanziell, at=(IV|-Gewissen)] (Ersatzabgabe) Ersatz-abgabe;



node [persoenlich, below=of Gewissen] (Armee) Armee;
node [finanziell, right=0.3 of Armee, , left color=black!60, right color=black!30,shading angle=90] (Schutz) Katastrophen-\schutz;

% modified the draw commands
draw [-Triangle, line width=2mm] (upper fit.south -| values-1.center) -- coordinate (mid) (tauglich);


draw [dashed, ultra thick] (upper fit.south -|values-2) |- (mid);


draw [dashed, thick] (upper fit.south -|values-3) -- (values-3 |- mid) ;
draw [dashed, thick] (upper fit.south -|values-4) |- (values-2 |- mid);

coordinate (a) at (2.2,-11);
coordinate (b) at (0,-7.2);
draw [thick] [-] (a) |- (b) coordinate[midway] (h); % added hilfscoordinate


coordinate (a) at (2.2,-11);
coordinate (c) at (1,-8.85);
draw [thick] [-] (a) |- (c) coordinate[midway] (h'); % added hilfscoordinate

path[near start,thick]
(tauglich) edge["JA"] (Gewissen)
(Gewissen) edge["JA"] (Armee)
(b) edge["text",swap] (h) %<-add text

(tauglich) edge["NEIN"] (IV)
(IV) edge["JA"] (EG)

(IV) edge["NEIN"] (Ersatzabgabe);

% 3rd edit
coordinate (aux-L) at ([xshift=5mm+pgflinewidth]upper fit.west|-Armee.center);
coordinate (aux-R) at ([xshift=-5mm-pgflinewidth]upper fit.east|-Armee.center);
node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG)(aux-L)(aux-R), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;

matrix [
above left,
matrix of nodes,
nodes=anchor=west
] (m) at (frame.south east) [finanziell,text width=0cm];

path[custom style] ($(Schutz)!0.5!(Ersatzabgabe)$) node[more serious,callouts=(Schutz),(Ersatzabgabe)]blah blah;
path[custom style] ($(h')+(1,1)$) node[more serious,callouts=(h')]blah blah;
endtikzpicture
enddocument


2nd EDIT: As for your second question, I would just include the matrix in the fit.

matrix

documentclass[border=5mm]standalone
usepackagetikz
usepackage[utf8]inputenc
usepackage[T1]fontenc
usetikzlibrary
positioning,
shapes.geometric, % for diamond shape
chains, % for automatic placement nodes relative to the previous one, in "chains"
calc, % for ($...$) syntax of coordinate calculation
fit, % to create a node that fits around other specified nodes
arrows.meta, % for Triangle arrow tip
backgrounds, % for "on background layer", to place something behind already existing stuff
quotes, % for edge["label"] syntax, easy way of placing text along an edge
matrix % for matrix of nodes

begindocument
begintikzpicture[
font=footnotesizesffamily,
baserect/.style= % base style for rectangles on top of the diagram
text width=3cm,
align=center,
draw
,
diam/.style= % style for the black diamonds
diamond,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
inner sep=1pt,
fill=black,
text=white
,
basecirc/.style= % basic circle style, used in the next three styles
circle,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm
,
persohnlich/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white
,
finanziell/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30
,
keine/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white
,
]


beginscope[
% in this scope, start a chain called groups. nodes in this chain are named groups-1, groups-2 etc.
start chain=groups,
% set distance between nodes in the chain
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style= % set style for all the nodes in the scope
baserect,
on chain, % adds all the nodes to the chain
font=footnotesizesffamilybfseries,
minimum height=2cm,
fill=black!20,

]
% now add all the nodes, no additional styling or positioning needed
node Schweizer Männer;
node Schweizer Frauen;
node Ausländer \(niedergelassene Männer mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
node Ausländerinnen (niedergelassene Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
endscope

% this scope is basically the same as the previous one.
% one main difference is that the first node in the chain is
% placed on the lower edge of the first node in the previous chain
beginscope[
start chain=values,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
minimum height=1cm

]
node [anchor=north] at (groups-1.south) dienstpflichtig;
node freiwillig;
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
endscope

% the nodes in the first row of the flow chart
node [diam, below=2cm of values-1] (tauglich) dienst-\tauglich?;

node [keine, right=7.9 of tauglich] (EG) keine\Ersatz-\abgabe;



% last node in flow chart
node [persohnlich, below=of tauglich] (Armee) Armee;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Armee] (Feuerwehr) Feuerwehr;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Feuerwehr] (Zivilschutz) Zivilschutz;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of Zivilschutz] (SRK) Einsatz-\organisationen\SRK*;
node [persohnlich, right=0.75cm of SRK] (Gemeinschaftsdienste)
Gemein-\schafts-\dienste;


% draw thick arrow from the dienstpflichtig node to the first node in the flow chart
% add a coordinate named "mid" halfway along the arrow, that is used to draw the dashed lines
draw [-Triangle, line width=2mm] (values-1) -- coordinate (mid) (tauglich);

% here (values-2) |- (mid) means draw a vertical, then horizontal,
% line from values-2 to mid
draw [line width=2mm] (values-2) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-3) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-4) |- (mid);

% here the -|/|- syntax is used both for coordinate specifications and path specifications
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-3) -- (values-3 |- mid) -| (schutzdienst);
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-4) |- (values-3 |- mid);

% draw the coloured background for the top right part of the flow chart, using a fit node
%beginscope[on background layer]
% node [fill=black!10, fit=(Zivilschutz)(EG), inner sep=3mm] ;
%endscope


% draw the connections in the flow chart
% the ".." syntax comes from the quotes library
path[near start,thick]
(tauglich) edge["JA"] (Armee)
(tauglich) edge["NEIN"] (EG);




coordinate (a) at (2.5,-7.28);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (a) |- (b);


coordinate (c) at (5,-7.28);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (c) |- (b);


coordinate (d) at (7.7,-7.16);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (d) |- (b);


coordinate (e) at (10.5,-7.29);
coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (e) |- (b);


% use a matrix to make the legend
matrix [
below=1.1cm of Gemeinschaftsdienste.east,
anchor=north east,
matrix of nodes,
nodes=anchor=west
] (m) [draw,minimum size=8pt];
% use fit again, to draw the surrounding frame
node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG)(m), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;
endtikzpicture
enddocument


ADDENDUM: Callouts from this answer.

documentclass[border=5mm]standalone
usepackagetikz
usepackage[utf8]inputenc
usepackage[T1]fontenc
usetikzlibrary
positioning,
shapes.geometric,
chains,
calc,
fit,
arrows.meta,
backgrounds,
quotes,
matrix

makeatletter % from https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/187165/callout-with-multiple-pointers-how-to-design-it/361532#361532]
defoverlaynode<#1>#2;
gdefstacknodecommonpart#2
pgfkeys/typeset node/.list=#1
% we are lazy
% pgfkeys will translate
% pgfkeys/typeset node/.list=red,blue
% into
% pgfkeys/typeset node=red
% pgfkeys/typeset node=blue

pgfkeys
/typeset node/.code=
edefpgf@marshalnoexpandnode[#1]stacknodecommonpart;
pgf@marshal


defoverlaynodedrawfillpgfutil@ifnextchar[overlaynodedrawfill@optoverlaynodedrawfill@opt
defoverlaynodedrawfill@opt[#1]<#2>#3;
beginscope[transparency group,draw=black,fill=white,line cap=round,line join=round,#1]
pgfmathsetmacropgflinewidthdouble2pgflinewidth
overlaynode<#2>[draw=pgfstrokecolor,line width=pgflinewidthdouble]#3;
overlaynode<#2>[fill=pgffillcolor]#3;
endscope

makeatother


% from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/432326/121799
usetikzlibrarydecorations.pathreplacing,shadows.blur,shapes
tikzset
% styles to save the path in `savedpath`
add path/.style =
decoration=show path construction,
moveto code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath (tikzinputsegmentfirst)
,
lineto code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath -- (tikzinputsegmentlast)
,
curveto code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath .. controls (tikzinputsegmentsupporta) and (tikzinputsegmentsupportb) ..(tikzinputsegmentlast)
,
closepath code=
xdefsavedpathsavedpath -- cycle

,
decorate
,
store path/.style = add path,
store path/.prefix code=xdefsavedpath,
% the style to create the path
callouts/.style=
store path,
append after command=
foreach target in #1
($(callout)!2pt!-90:target$)--target --($(callout)!2pt!90:target$)
savedpath
,
alias=callout
,
% the style to display the callout
custom style/.style=fill=white,text=black,blur shadow,
% some fun cloudy node
cloudy/.style=cloud,cloud puffs=10,cloud puff arc=120, aspect=2,
more serious/.style=ellipse,draw=black

begindocument
begintikzpicture[
font=footnotesizesffamily,
baserect/.style=
text width=3cm,
align=center,
draw
,
diam/.style=
diamond,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
inner sep=1pt,
fill=black,
text=white
,
basecirc/.style=
circle,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm
,
persoenlich/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white
,
finanziell/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30
,
keine/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white
,
]


beginscope[
start chain=groups,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
font=footnotesizesffamilybfseries,
minimum height=2cm,
fill=black!20,

]
node Schweizer Männer;
node Schweizer Frauen;
node Ausländer \(niedergelassene Männer mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
node Ausländerinnen (niedergelassene Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
endscope


beginscope[
start chain=values,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
draw=none, %<- added
on chain,
minimum height=1cm

]
node [anchor=north] at (groups-1.south) dienstpflichtig;
node freiwillig;
node freiwillig, nur Katastrophen-\schutz;
node freiwillig, nur Katastrophen-\schutz;
endscope

% add a frame
node[fit=(groups-1) (groups-4) (values-1) (values-4),draw,inner
sep=-pgflinewidth/2](upper fit);

foreach X[count=Y] in 2,3,4
-upper fit.south);

node [diam, below=2cm of values-1] (tauglich) sicherheits-\dienst\-tauglich?;

node [diam, right=4.2 of tauglich, inner sep=-2pt] (IV) IV bzw.\Integritäts-\schädigung\>40%?;
node [keine, right=0.75cm of IV] (EG) keine\Ersatz-\abgabe;


node [diam, below=of tauglich] (Gewissen) mit\Gewissen\vereinbar?;

node [finanziell, at=(IV|-Gewissen)] (Ersatzabgabe) Ersatz-abgabe;



node [persoenlich, below=of Gewissen] (Armee) Armee;
node [finanziell, right=0.3 of Armee, , left color=black!60, right color=black!30,shading angle=90] (Schutz) Katastrophen-\schutz;

% modified the draw commands
draw [-Triangle, line width=2mm] (upper fit.south -| values-1.center) -- coordinate (mid) (tauglich);


draw [dashed, ultra thick] (upper fit.south -|values-2) |- (mid);


draw [dashed, thick] (upper fit.south -|values-3) -- (values-3 |- mid) ;
draw [dashed, thick] (upper fit.south -|values-4) |- (values-2 |- mid);

coordinate (a) at (2.2,-11);
coordinate (b) at (0,-7.2);
draw [thick] [-] (a) |- (b) coordinate[midway] (h); % added hilfscoordinate


coordinate (a) at (2.2,-11);
coordinate (c) at (1,-8.85);
draw [thick] [-] (a) |- (c) coordinate[midway] (h'); % added hilfscoordinate

path[near start,thick]
(tauglich) edge["JA"] (Gewissen)
(Gewissen) edge["JA"] (Armee)
(b) edge["text",swap] (h) %<-add text

(tauglich) edge["NEIN"] (IV)
(IV) edge["JA"] (EG)

(IV) edge["NEIN"] (Ersatzabgabe);

% 3rd edit
coordinate (aux-L) at ([xshift=5mm+pgflinewidth]upper fit.west|-Armee.center);
coordinate (aux-R) at ([xshift=-5mm-pgflinewidth]upper fit.east|-Armee.center);
node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG)(aux-L)(aux-R), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;

matrix [
above left,
matrix of nodes,
nodes=anchor=west
] (m) at (frame.south east) [finanziell,text width=0cm];


overlaynodedrawfill[draw,fill=white]<
callout absolute pointer=(Schutz.45),
callout absolute pointer=(Ersatzabgabe.-135)
>
[ellipse callout]
at ($(Schutz)!0.5!(Ersatzabgabe)$)hear me;

overlaynodedrawfill[draw,fill=white]<
callout absolute pointer=(h'.45)
>
[ellipse callout]
at ($(h')+(1,1)$)hear me;


% path[custom style] ($(Schutz)!0.5!(Ersatzabgabe)$) node[more serious,callouts=(Schutz),(Ersatzabgabe)]blah blah;
% path[custom style] ($(h')+(1,1)$) node[more serious,callouts=(h')]blah blah;
endtikzpicture
enddocument


path[multiple absolute pointers= [fill=white,ellipse, at=($(Schutz)!0.5!(Ersatzabgabe)$),draw] [fill=white]Schutz.45,[fill=white]Ersatzabgabe.-135 ABCD]; path[multiple absolute pointers= [fill=white,ellipse, at=($(h')+(1,1)$),draw] [fill=white]h'.45 XYZ];

Regarding the enlargment of the frame and minor .north calls instead of new coordinate definitions

.north

coordinate

documentclass[border=5mm]standalone
usepackagetikz
usepackage[utf8]inputenc
usepackage[T1]fontenc
usetikzlibrary
positioning,
shapes.geometric, % for diamond shape
chains, % for automatic placement nodes relative to the previous one, in "chains"
calc, % for ($...$) syntax of coordinate calculation
fit, % to create a node that fits around other specified nodes
arrows.meta, % for Triangle arrow tip
backgrounds, % for "on background layer", to place something behind already existing stuff
quotes, % for edge["label"] syntax, easy way of placing text along an edge
matrix % for matrix of nodes

begindocument
begintikzpicture[
font=footnotesizesffamily,
baserect/.style= % base style for rectangles on top of the diagram
text width=3cm,
align=center,
draw
,
diam/.style= % style for the black diamonds
diamond,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm,
inner sep=1pt,
fill=black,
text=white
,
basecirc/.style= % basic circle style, used in the next three styles
circle,
draw,
align=center,
text width=1.5cm
,
persohnlich/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!60,
text=white,
text width=1.7cm,
,
finanziell/.style=
basecirc,
fill=black!30
,
keine/.style=
basecirc,
fill=white
,
]


beginscope[
% in this scope, start a chain called groups. nodes in this chain are named groups-1, groups-2 etc.
start chain=groups,
% set distance between nodes in the chain
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style= % set style for all the nodes in the scope
baserect,
on chain, % adds all the nodes to the chain
font=footnotesizesffamilybfseries,
minimum height=2cm,
fill=black!20,

]
% now add all the nodes, no additional styling or positioning needed
node Schweizer Männer;
node Schweizer Frauen;
node Ausländer \(niedergelassene Männer mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
node Ausländerinnen (niedergelassene Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit);
endscope

% this scope is basically the same as the previous one.
% one main difference is that the first node in the chain is
% placed on the lower edge of the first node in the previous chain
beginscope[
start chain=values,
node distance=-pgflinewidth,
every node/.append style=
baserect,
on chain,
minimum height=1cm

]
node [anchor=north] at (groups-1.south) dienstpflichtig;
node freiwillig;
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
node dienstpflichtig, (kein Zugang zur Armee);
endscope

% the nodes in the first row of the flow chart
node [diam, below=2cm of values-1] (tauglich) dienst-\tauglich?;

node [keine, right=7.9 of tauglich] (EG) keine\Ersatz-\abgabe;



% last node in flow chart
node [persohnlich, below=of tauglich] (Armee) Armee;
node [persohnlich, right=0.55cm of Armee] (Feuerwehr) Feuerwehr;
node [persohnlich, right=0.55cm of Feuerwehr] (Zivilschutz) Zivilschutz;
node [persohnlich, right=0.55cm of Zivilschutz] (SRK) Einsatz-\organisationen\SRK*;
node [persohnlich, right=0.55cm of SRK] (Gemeinschaftsdienste) Gemein-schaftsdienste;


% draw thick arrow from the dienstpflichtig node to the first node in the flow chart
% add a coordinate named "mid" halfway along the arrow, that is used to draw the dashed lines
draw [-Triangle, line width=2mm] (values-1) -- coordinate (mid) (tauglich);

% here (values-2) |- (mid) means draw a vertical, then horizontal,
% line from values-2 to mid
draw [line width=2mm] (values-2) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-3) |- (mid);
draw [line width=2mm] (values-4) |- (mid);

% here the -|/|- syntax is used both for coordinate specifications and path specifications
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-3) -- (values-3 |- mid) -| (schutzdienst);
%draw [dashed, thick] (values-4) |- (values-3 |- mid);

% draw the coloured background for the top right part of the flow chart, using a fit node
%beginscope[on background layer]
% node [fill=black!10, fit=(Zivilschutz)(EG), inner sep=3mm] ;
%endscope


% draw the connections in the flow chart
% the ".." syntax comes from the quotes library
path[near start,thick]
(tauglich) edge["JA"] (Armee)
(tauglich) edge["NEIN"] (EG);


coordinate (b) at (0,-6.8);
draw [-] (Armee.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (Feuerwehr.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (Zivilschutz.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (SRK.north) |- (b);
draw [-] (Gemeinschaftsdienste) |- (b);

% use fit again, to draw the surrounding frame
node [draw,fit=(Armee)(EG), inner sep=5mm] (frame) ;

% use a matrix to make the legend
matrix [
above left,
matrix of nodes,
nodes=anchor=west
] (m) at (frame.south east) [draw,minimum size=8pt];
endtikzpicture
enddocument


text width=1.7cm

persohnlich

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