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Hermès International S.A.

Type	Société Anonyme
Traded as	Euronext: RMS CAC Next 20 Component
Industry	Retail
Founded	1837; 181 years ago (1837)
Founder	Thierry Hermès
Headquarters	Paris, France
Area served	International service
Key people	Axel Dumas (Executive Chairman), Henri-Louis Bauer (Executive Manager and Chairman, Emile Hermès SARL), Éric de Seynes (Chairman, Supervisory Board), Pierre-Alexis Dumas (Artistic Executive Vice President)
Products	High-fashion clothing and accessories manufacture and retail
Revenue	€5,202.2 million[1] (2016)
Operating income	€1,696.5 million (2016)
Net income	€1,100.3 million (2016)
Total assets	€5,998.7 million (2016)
Total equity	€4,384.8 million (2016)
Owner	Hermès family
Number of employees	12,834 (2016)
Parent	H51 SAS (Émile Hermès SARL)
Website	www.hermes.com

Hermès International S.A., or simply Hermès (French pronunciation: ​[ɛʁmɛs]; /ɛərˈmɛz/ ( listen)) is a French high fashion luxury goods manufacturer established in 1837. It specializes in leather, lifestyle accessories, home furnishings, perfumery, jewellery, watches and ready-to-wear. Its logo, since the 1950s, is of a Duc carriage with horse. Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski is the current creative director.^[2][3]

History

Beginnings in the 19th century

Thierry Hermès, founder of Hermès.

Thierry Hermès was born in Krefeld, Germany, to a French father and a German mother. The family moved to France in 1828.^[4] In 1837, Hermès first established a harness workshop in the Grands Boulevards quarter of Paris, dedicated to serving European noblemen.^[5][6] He created high-quality wrought harnesses and bridles for the carriage trade,^[7] winning several awards including the first prize in its class in 1855 and again in 1867 at the Expositions Universelles in Paris.^[7][8]

Hermès's son, Charles-Émile,^[4] took over management from his father in 1880 and moved the shop to 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, where it remains. With the help of his sons Adolphe and Émile-Maurice, Charles-Émile introduced saddlery and started selling his products retail.^[7] The company catered to the élite of Europe, North Africa, Russia, Asia, and the Americas. In 1900, the firm offered the Haut à Courroies bag, specially designed for riders to carry their saddles with them.

Hermès Frères era

After Charles-Émile Hermès's retirement, sons Adolphe and Émile-Maurice took leadership and renamed the company Hermès Frères. Shortly after, Émile-Maurice began furnishing the czar of Russia with saddles.^[4] By 1914, up to 80 saddle craftsmen were employed. Subsequently, Émile-Maurice was granted the exclusive rights to use the zipper for leather goods and clothing, becoming the first to introduce the device in France.^[5] In 1918, Hermès introduced the first leather golf jacket with a zipper, made for Edward, Prince of Wales.^[8] Because of its exclusive rights arrangement the zipper became known in France as the fermeture Hermès (Hermès fastener).^[7]

Throughout the 1920s when he was the sole head of the firm, Émile-Maurice added accessories and clothing collections.^[5][6][9] He also groomed his three sons-in-law (Robert Dumas, Jean-René Guerrand, and Francis Puech) as business partners. In 1922, the first leather handbags were introduced after Émile-Maurice's wife complained of not being able to find one to her liking. Émile-Maurice created the handbag collection himself.^[4]

Hermès Frères advertisement, 1923

In 1924, Hermès established a presence in the United States and opened two shops outside of Paris. In 1929, the first women's couture apparel collection was previewed in Paris.^[4] During the 1930s, Hermès introduced some of its most recognized original goods^[5] such as the leather "Sac à dépêches" in 1935 (later renamed the "Kelly bag" after Grace Kelly) and the Hermès carrés (square scarves) in 1937.^[5]

The scarves became integrated into French culture.^[6] In 1938, the "Chaîne d'ancre" bracelet and the riding jacket and outfit joined the classic collection. By this point, the company's designers began to draw inspirations from paintings, books, and objets d'art.^[5] The 1930s also witnessed Hermès's entry into the United States market by offering products in a Neiman Marcus department store in New York; however, it later withdrew.^[6] In 1949, the same year as the launch of the Hermès silk tie, the first perfume, "Eau d'Hermès", was produced.

From the mid-1930s, Hermès employed Swiss watchmaker Universal Genève as the brand's first and exclusive designer of timepieces, producing a line of men's wrist chronographs^[10] (manufactured in 18K gold or stainless steel) and women's Art Déco cuff watches in 18K gold, steel, or platinum. Both models contained dials signed either "Hermès" or "Hermès Universal Genève", while the watch movements were signed "Universal Genève S.A.". The Hermès/Universal partnership lasted until the 1950s.^[11]

Émile-Maurice summarized the Hermès philosophy during his leadership as "leather, sport, and a tradition of refined elegance."^[7]

Post-Émile-Maurice Hermès

Robert Dumas-Hermès (1898–1978), who succeeded Émile-Maurice after his death in 1951, closely collaborated with brother-in-law Jean-René Guerrand.^[5] Dumas became the first man not directly descended from Hermès père to lead the company because his connection to the family was only through marriage. Thus, he incorporated the Hermès name into his own, Dumas-Hermès.

The company also acquired its Duc-carriage-with-horse logo and signature orange paper boxes in the early 1950s.^[5] Dumas introduced original handbags, jewelry, and accessories and was particularly interested in design possibilities with the silk scarves.^[5] Ironically, during the mid-20th century, scarf production diminished.^[6] World Tempus, a Web portal dedicated to watchmaking, states: "Brought to life by the magic wand of Annie Beaumel, the windows of the store on the [rue du] Faubourg Saint-Honoré became a theatre of enchantment and [established the store as] a Parisian meeting-place for international celebrities."^[5] In 1956, Life magazine featured a photograph of Grace Kelly, who had become the new Princess of Monaco, carrying the "Sac à dépêches" bag. Purportedly, she held it in front of herself to disguise her pregnancy. Thus, when the public began calling it the "Kelly" bag, a name subsequently adopted by Hermès, it became hugely popular.

The perfume business became a subsidiary in 1961, concurrently with the introduction of the "Calèche" scent, named after a hooded four-wheeled horse carriage, known since the 18th century, and is also the company's logo since the 1950s. (In 2004, Jean-Claude Ellena became the in-house perfumer or "nose" and has created several successful scents, including the Hermessence line of fragrances.)^[4]

Decline and revamp

Hermes Store at Avenue George V in Paris 8th arrondissement, France.

Despite the company's apparent success in the 1970s, exemplified by multiple shops' being established worldwide, Hermès began to decline, compared to competitors. Some industry observers have assigned the cause to Hermès's insistence on the exclusive use of natural materials for its products, unlike other companies that were calling on new man-made materials.^[6] During a two-week lapse in orders, the Hermès workrooms were silent.^[6] The renewed success of Hermès's fragrances in the marketplace was probably due to the public's increasingly paradigmatic shift of back to natural materials as opposed to artificial. This point undoubtedly contributed to reestablishing Hermès's scents as a major player in the fragrances marketplace.

Jean-Louis Dumas, the son of Robert Dumas-Hermès, became chairman in 1978 and had the firm concentrate on silk and leather goods and ready-to-wear, adding new product groups to those made with its traditional techniques. Unlike his father, Jean-Louis was maternally related to the Hermès family. Travelling extensively^[4] and marrying Rena Greforiadès, he entered the buyer-training program at Bloomingdale's, the New York department store. Having joined the family firm in 1964, he was instrumental in turning around its decline.^[6]

Dumas brought in designers Eric Bergère and Bernard Sanz to revamp the apparel collection and, in collaboration, added unusual entries. They included the python motorcycle jackets and ostrich-skin jeans, which were dubbed as "a snazzier version of what Hermès has been all along." (Annual sales in 1978, when Jean-Louis became head of the firm, were reported at US $50 million.^[6] By 1990, annual sales were reported at US $460 million, mainly due to Dumas's strategy.) In 1979, he launched an advertising campaign featuring a young, denim-clad woman wearing an Hermès scarf. The purpose was to introduce the Hermès brand to a new set of consumers. As one fashion-sector observer noted: "Much of what bears the still-discreet Hermès label changed from the object of an old person's nostalgia to the subject of young peoples' dreams."^[6] However, Dumas's change-of-image created outrage both within and outside of the firm.

Also in the 1970s, the watch subsidiary, La Montre Hermès, was established in Bienne, Switzerland. Then, throughout the 1980s, Dumas strengthened the company's hold on its suppliers,^[6] resulting in Hermès's gaining great stakes in prominent French glassware, silverware acquiring venerable tableware manufacturers such as Puiforcat, St. Louis, and Périgord.^[6]

Growth

Hermes boutique at The Lee Garden, Hong Kong

From the 1980s, tableware became a strong segment of the firm.^[6] And, overall, the collection of Hermès goods expanded in 1990 to include over 30,000 pieces. New materials used in the collection included porcelain and crystal.^[7]

Hermès relocated its workshops and design studios to Pantin, just outside Paris.^[5] By June 1993 Hermès had gone public on the Paris Bourse (stock exchange). At the time, the equity sale generated great excitement. The 425,000 shares floated at FFr 300 (US $55 at the time) were oversubscribed by 34 times.^[6] Dumas told Forbes magazine that the equity sale would help lessen family tensions by allowing some members to liquidate their holdings without "squabbling over share valuations among themselves."^[6]

To this time, the Hermès family was still retaining a strong hold of about 80% in stocks, placing Jean-Louis Dumas and the entire family on the Forbes list of billionaires.^[6] Mimi Tompkins of U.S. News & World Report called the company "one of Paris' best guarded jewels."

In the following years, Dumas decreased Hermès franchises from 250 to 200 and increased company-owned stores from 60 to 100 to better control sales of its products.^[6] The plan was to cost about FFr 200 million in the short term but to increase profits in the long term. Having around FFr 500 million to invest, Hermès pressed ahead, targeting China for company-operated boutiques, finally opening a store in Beijing in 1996.

In 1997, Jean-Louis hired iconoclastic Belgian designer Martin Margiela to supervise women's ready-to-wear.

By the late 1990s, Hermès continued extensively to diminish the number of franchised stores, buying them up and opening more company-operated boutiques. The fashion industry was caught off guard in September 1999, when Jean-Louis decided to pay FFr 150 million for a 35% stake in the Jean-Paul Gaultier fashion house.^[6] In the latter part of the 1900s, the company encouraged its clientele to faites nous rêver (make us dream), producing throughout the period artistically atypical orders.

The 2000s to today

Hermès, Madrid, Spain (2016)

In 2003, Margiela left Hermès, and highly controversial Jean-Paul Gaultier, as the head designer, debuted his first ready-to-wear collection for fall/winter 2004–05.^[4][12]

After 28 years as head of the firm, Jean-Louis Dumas retired in January 2006. Known for his charm and one of Europe's greatest authorities on luxury, he died in 2010 after a long illness.^[4] Patrick Thomas, who had joined the company in 1989 and who had worked with Jean-Louis as the co-CEO from 2005, replaced him. Thomas became the first non-Hermès family member to head the company.

In February 2015, Hermès has announced an increase of its turnover of 9.7%, which represents more than €4 billion in sales.^[13]

This increase is internationally visible. In Asia, excluding Japan, where the turnover grew 7%, in America, with 10% rise, in Europe where it grew 7% growth and generated a good performance in the group’s stores.^[14]

On 17 May 2018, Malaysian police seized 284 luxury bags, believed to be some Hermès handbags from the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato' Seri Najib Razak's-linked apartments.

Designers

The designers throughout the company's history have included Lola Prusac, Jacques Delahaye, Catherine de Karolyi, Monsieur Levaillant, Nicole de Vesian, Eric Bergère, Claude Brouet, Tan Giudicelli, Marc Audibet, Mariot Chane, Bernard Sanz, Martin Margiela, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Lemaire, Véronique Nichanian (the men's-wear designer since 1988), and Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski (since 2014 succeeding Lemaire).^[4]

Goods and products

An Hermès soap bar bearing the logo.

Known for luxury goods, by 2008, Hermès had 14 product divisions that encompassed leather, scarves, ties, men's and women's wear, perfume, watches, stationery, footwear, gloves, enamelware, decorative arts, tableware, and jewellery.^[5]

Hermès sales compose about 30% leather goods, 15% clothes, 12% scarves, and 43% other wares.^[4] The company licenses no products and keeps tight control over the design and manufacture of its vast inventory.^[7]

The firm is very attached to its traditional business model and rejects mass production, assembly lines, and mechanization. Hermès's goods are almost entirely made in France by hand in middle-sized workshops known as Les Ateliers Hermès that emphase high-quality manufacturing. Indeed, Hermès claims most items are fabricated from beginning to end by only one person, which is supposed to guarantee the quality and uniqueness of its products.

In 2012, Hermès retail outlets changed their policy regarding returns and exchanges of products. Consumers may only exchange items within ten days of purchase and only for another color variant of the original purchase. No other post-purchase exchanges are permitted, and refunds are never offered, regardless of the consumer's having a receipt.

Scarves

The scarf or carré (square) was introduced in 1937.^[6] The first example was a 70 cm x 70 cm print of white-wigged females playing a popular period game, a custom-made accessory named "Jeu des Omnibus et Dames Blanches."^[6] Hermès oversaw the production of its scarves throughout the entire process, purchasing raw Chinese silk, spinning it into yarn, and weaving it into fabric twice as strong and heavy as most scarves available at the time.^[6]

The company's scarf designers spend years creating new print patterns that are individually screen-printed.^[6] Designers can choose from over 70,000 different colors.^[15] When production first began, a dedicated factory was established in Lyon, France, the same year that Hermès celebrated its 100th anniversary.

Contemporary Hermès carrés measure 90 cm × 90 cm, weigh 65 grams and are woven from the silk of 250 mulberry moth cocoons.^[15] All hems are hand-stitched. Motifs are wide-ranging, Two silk-scarf collections per year are released, along with some reprints of older designs and limited editions. And two collections per year are introduced in a Cashmere/silk blend. Since 1937, Hermès has produced over 2,000 unique designs; the horse motif is particularly famous and popular.^[15] The ubiquitous "Brides de Gala" version, introduced in 1957, has been produced more than 70,000 times. An Hermès scarf is sold somewhere in the world every 25 seconds; by the late 1970s, more than 1.1 million scarves had been sold worldwide.^[7]

The scarves^[7] have been worn by an array of celebrities, partially such as:

• 
  Queen Elizabeth II in a large number of paparazzi photographs also with daughter Princess Margaret, in the middle of one of three portraits on a 1986 British postage stamp, and by Helen Mirren playing the monarch in the film The Queen, 2006.


• Princess Grace Kelly in a photograph on the cover of a 1956 issue of Life magazine and, in the same year, tied by her as a sling for a broken arm.


• Jackie Kennedy Onassis over her head and tied around her neck.


• actress Audrey Hepburn in a photograph on the cover of a 1956 issue of Life" magazine and in the film Charade, 1963.
  


• actress Sharon Stone in a bondage scene in the film Basic Instinct, 1992.


• actress Cameron Diaz in the film My Best Friend's Wedding, 1997.


• actress Anne Hathaway in the film The Princess Diaries, 2001.


• deputy artistic director of Hermès women's wear, Bali Barret, as a cape, 2011.


• entertainer Madonna wearing "Ls Vie au Cheval" design as a halter top, 2002.

Neckties

Hermès silk ties.

In 1946, the brand introduced a range of men's silk neckties in an array of motifs and widths. Neckties account for 10% of the company's annual sales.^[16]

Partnership with the Tuareg

For years, Hermès has partnered with Tuareg tribesmen for silver jewelry. The Saharan nomads' traditional motifs are often mirrored in various Hermès products, including scarves.^[17]

Leather Goods

The Kelly bag

Exotic leathers of the bags make them highly valuable and noticeable, e.g., ostrich leather

A Hermès Birkin bag

Hermès is known for its handmade luggage and handbags. One of them might require 18 to 24 hours to produce. The construction of each Kelly bag, for example, requires 18 hours to fully realize.^[6] Hermès's leathers come from all over the world. Customers may currently wait from six months to one year for delivery of one of the house's signature bags. Incidentally, should Hermès's leather goods require repair, owners can bring an item to any Hermès store, where it will be shipped to Les Ateliers Hermès in Pantin for repair or reconditioning.

Another famous Hermès handbag, the "Birkin", was named after English actress Jane Birkin. After a chance encounter with Jean-Louis Dumas, she complained that her "Kelly" bag was not practical for everyday use. Consequently, he invited her to France where they co-designed the bag in 1984. Birkin has since stopped carrying her namesake bag, saying it contributed to her tendonitis.^{[citation needed]} Asked by her that her name be removed and with much back-and-forth comments about various issues such as having her name removed. According to Vogue: "Jane Birkin 'is satisfied by the measures taken by Hermès', according to the brand, following an investigation by the fashion house [that refuted] claims made by PETA [the animal-rights organization] that its famous Birkin bags were being 'constructed from the skins of factory-farmed and cruelly slaughtered crocodiles.' "^[18]

Perfumery

Since 1951, the company has created a number of scents for both men and women, as well as unisex lines.^[19]

Hermessence scents exclusive to Hermès stores

• Rose Ikebana, 2004


• Vétiver Tonka, 2004


• Poivre Samarcande, 2004


• Ambre Narguilé, 2004


• Osmanthe Yunnan, 2005


• Paprika Brazil, 2006


• Brin de Réglisse, 2007


• Vanille Galante, 2009


• Iris Ukiyoé, 2010


• Santal Massoïa, 2011


• Épice Marine, 2013


• Cuir d'Ange, 2014


• Muguet Porcelaine, 2016


• Agar Ébene, 2018


• Cèdre Sambac, 2018


• Myrrhe Églantine, 2018


• Essences: Musc Pallida and Cardamusc (2018)

Crystal lighting and glass

Belonging to the group is the crystal glass manufacturer Saint-Louis, the oldest crystal company in the world. Since its founding in 1586, Saint-Louis has drawn design inspiration from the decorative periods of the 19th and 20th centuries, from the Restoration to Modern styles, through Napoléon III, Art Nouveau and Art Déco. Saint-Louis became one of the Hermès Group Métiers in 1989.^[20]

Apple Watch Hermès

In 2015, Hermès partnered with Apple Inc. to produce the Apple Watch Hermès, combining Apple's smartwatch with Hermès's specially crafted single tour, double tour, and cuff watch bands.^[21]

The Hermès Foundation

The Hermès Foundation was launched in 2008. It is chaired by Pierre-Alexis Dumas, the artistic director of Hermés, and directed by Catherine Tsekenis.^[22][23]

The Foundation embodies the group's goal to sponsor and support creation and craftsmanship activities.^[24]

In 2010, it launched the biannual Emile Hermès Prize that rewards an innovative project in the field of design. In 2014, the three winners who shared the first prize, chaired by Italian architect Michele De Lucchi, were Johan Brunel and Samuel Misslen for their "Ventilated Capsule," Antoine Lesur and Marc Venot for "Hut," and Paul Tubiana for "Leon."^[25] In 2012, the Foundation participated in the "New Settings" show for the promotion of the arts.^[26] In 2013, the Foundation supported the exhibition of works by young artists shown at the Palace of Tokyo.^[27] In January 2014, it has pledged a three year support of the Cité internationale of Aubusson tapestry.^[28]

Shareholder structure

By 31 December 2016, the Hermès family, as partners of Émile Hermès SARL and their family members, collectively owned 65.1% of the share capital of Hermès International S.A. through a number of asset holding companies and direct ownerships, which entitled the family to 74.8% of the voting rights on allocation of net income and 77.2% on all other matters.^[1] Luxury-goods conglomerate LVMH held 20.21% of shares (amassed in the latter half of 2010)^[29] and 13.08% of votes at the same date, with 0.39% of shares held as treasury stock and the remaining 16.61% as free float.^[30] Speculation that LVMH would launch a takeover bid for Hermès has been repeatedly denied^[31][32] by its chairman Bernard Arnault. Some industry insiders have been in doubt, such as René Weber, an analyst at Zürich's Vontobel Investment Banking, who has claimed: "Arnault is not afraid of a fight and a lot of his battles have been successful for him and his shareholders. Whether he can eventually succeed with [a takeover of] Hermès is still an open question." Bertrand Puech, who chairs the main Hermès family holding company, has criticised LVMH's acquisition of Hermès shares and called on the company to reduce its stake by half.^[33]

References

Bibliography

• "A Boutique Where You Don't Just Buy – You Invest," Vogue, October 1974.


• Van Dyke, Grace, "Hermès: Old World Luxury in the New World," USA Today, July 1994.


• Dryansky, G.Y., "Hermès: Quality with a Kick," Harper's Bazaar, April 1986.


• Berman, Phyllis, "Mass Production? Yech!," Forbes, 22 September 1986.


• "Scarves Everywhere," The New Yorker, 30 January 1989.


• Aillaud, Charlotte, "The Hermès Museum: Inspiration for the Celebrated Family Firm," Architectural Digest (U.S.), January 1989.


• Tompkins, Mimi, "Sweatshop of the Stars," U.S. News and World Report, 12 February 1990.


• Gandee, Charles, "Jean-Louis Dumas-Hermès Is Flying High," House & Garden (New York), August 1990.


• "The Handbags to Have," The New York Times, 14 April 1991.


• "Hermès: Still in the Saddle," Women's Wear Daily, 25 September 1991.


• "Hermès of Paris, Inc.," The New York Times, 5 October 1991.


• Slesin, Susan, "Ah, the Horse," The New York Times, 21 May 1992.


• Ellena, Jean-Claude, Perfume: The Alchemy of Scent, New York: Arcade, 2009.


• Burr, Chandler, The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris and New York, New York: Henry Holt, 2007.


• Frimes, William, "Jean-Louis Dumas, Chief of Hermès, Dies at 72", The New York Times, 3 May 2010.


• Colino, Nadine, The Hermès Scarf: History & Mistique, New York: Thames & Hudson, 2010.


• Rocca, Federico, Hermès - L'avventura del lusso, Torino: Lindau, 2011.

External links

• 
  Official website^{[permanent dead link]}


• Apple Watch Hermès


• Official Foundation Enterprise Hermès website

Coordinates: 48°52′8.16″N 2°19′18.33″E / 48.8689333°N 2.3217583°E / 48.8689333; 2.3217583