Dolly (sheep)
 Dolly's taxidermied remains | |
| Other name(s) | 6LLS (code name) |
|---|---|
| Species | Domestic sheep (Finn-Dorset) |
| Sex | Female |
| Born | 5 July 1996 Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Died | 14 February 2003 (aged 6) Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Resting place | National Museum of Scotland (remains on display) |
| Nation from | Scottish |
| Known for | First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell |
| Offspring | Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton) |
| Named after | Dolly Parton[1] |
| Cause of death | Lung disease and severe arthritis |
Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.
Contents
1 Genesis
2 Birth
3 Life
4 Death
5 Legacy
6 References
7 External links
Genesis
Dolly was cloned by Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture.[2] She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease five months before her seventh birthday (the disease was not considered related to her being a clone).[3] She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources including BBC News and Scientific American.[4][5]
The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's".[1]
Birth
Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers: one provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term.[6] She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.[7] Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal.[8][9] The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.[10] Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997.[1] It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in Time magazine featured Dolly the sheep.[2]Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year. Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell.[11]
Life
The cloning process that produced Dolly
Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian.[12] There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb, named Bonnie, was born in April 1998.[3] The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in 2000.[13] In late 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly. This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.[14]
Death
On 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[15] A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived 6.5 years. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, also known as Jaagsiekte,[16] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV.[17] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[15] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons.
Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned.[18] One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly's telomeres were short, which is typically a result of the aging process.[19][20] The Roslin Institute stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging.[18]
In 2016 scientists reported no defects in thirteen cloned sheep, including four from the same cell line as Dolly. The first study to review the long-term health outcomes of cloning, the authors found no evidence of late-onset, non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded "We could find no evidence, therefore, of a detrimental long-term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort."[21][22]
Legacy
After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, including pigs,[23][24]deer,[25] horses[26] and bulls.[27] The attempt to clone argali (mountain sheep) did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clone mouflon (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.[28] The reprogramming process that cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.[29][30] Making cloned mammals was highly inefficient – in 1996 Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. By 2014 Chinese scientists were reported to have 70–80% success rates cloning pigs[24] and in 2016, a Korean company, Sooam Biotech, was producing 500 cloned embryos a day.[31] Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.[32]
Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species and may become a viable tool for reviving extinct species.[33] In January 2009, scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, in northern Spain announced the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs, it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.[34][35]
In July 2016, four identical clones of Dolly (Daisy, Debbie, Dianna, and Denise) were alive and healthy at nine years old.[36][37]
Scientific American concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly the sheep has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research.[38] After Dolly, researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which can be grown into any tissue.[39]
The first successful cloning of a primate species using the same method for producing Dolly was reported in January 2018. Two identical clones of a macaque monkey, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, were created by researchers in China and were born in late 2017.[40][41][42][43]
In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua – the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep, and the same gene-editing Crispr-Cas9 technique allegedly used by He Jiankui in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.[44][45]
References
^ abc "1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned". BBC News. 22 February 1997..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ ab Edwards, J. (1999). "Why dolly matters: Kinship, culture and cloning". Ethnos. 64 (3–4): 301–324. doi:10.1080/00141844.1999.9981606.
^ ab "Dolly the sheep clone dies young". BBC News. 14 February 2003
^ "Is Dolly old before her time?". BBC News. London. 27 May 1999. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
^ Lehrman, Sally (July 2008). "No More Cloning Around". Scientific American. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
^ Williams, N. (2003). "Death of Dolly marks cloning milestone". Current Biology. 13 (6): 209–210. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00148-9. PMID 12646139.
^ Campbell KH; McWhir J; Ritchie WA; Wilmut I (1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line". Nature. 380 (6569): 64–6. Bibcode:1996Natur.380...64C. doi:10.1038/380064a0. PMID 8598906.
^ McLaren A (2000). "Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future". Science. 288 (5472): 1775–80. doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1775. PMID 10877698.
^ Wilmut I; Schnieke AE; McWhir J; Kind AJ; et al. (1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature. 385 (6619): 810–3. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..810W. doi:10.1038/385810a0. PMID 9039911.
^ Niemann H; Tian XC; King WA; Lee RS (February 2008). "Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning" (PDF). Reproduction. 135 (2): 151–63. doi:10.1530/REP-07-0397. PMID 18239046.
^ McKinnell, Robert G.; Di Berardino, Marie A. (November 1999). "The Biology of Cloning: History and Rationale". BioScience. 49 (11): 875–885. doi:10.2307/1313647. JSTOR 1313647.
^ Kolata, Gina (2003-02-14). "Dolly, the First Cloned Mammal, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
^ Dolly's family. Roslin Institute, UK
^ Dolly's arthritis. Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008
^ ab Dolly's final illness Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008 Cached version
^ Bridget M. Kuehn Goodbye, Dolly; first cloned sheep dies at six years old Archived 4 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 April 2003
^ Palmarini M (2007). "A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology". PLoS Pathog. 3 (2): e12. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012. PMC 1803002. PMID 17319740.
^ ab Was Dolly already 'old' at birth? Roslin Institute, Accessed 4 April 2010
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^ Klein, Joanna (26 July 2016). "Dolly the Sheep's Fellow Clones, Enjoying Their Golden Years". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Grisham, Julie (April 2000). "Pigs cloned for first time". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (4): 365. doi:10.1038/74335.
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^ "Texas A&M scientists clone world's first deer". Innovations Report. 23 December 2003. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
^ Cohen, Haley (31 July 2015). "How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo". VFNews. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^ Lozano, Juan A. (27 June 2005). "A&M Cloning project raises questions still". Bryan-College Station Eagle. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
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^ Zastrow, Mark (8 February 2016). "Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day". New Scientist. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Roger Highfield "Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning". Daily Telegraph 16 November 2007
^ Trounson AO (2006). "Future and applications of cloning". Methods Mol. Biol. Methods in Molecular Biology. 348: 319–32. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_22. ISBN 978-1-58829-280-3. PMID 16988390.
^ Gray, Richard; Dobson, Roger (31 January 2009). "Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
^ Jabr, Ferris (11 March 2013). "Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals?". Scientific American. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
^ "Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde, diz estudo" (in Portuguese). Rede Globo. 26 July 2016.
^ "Dolly the sheep's siblings 'healthy'". News – Science and Environment. BBC. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Weintraub, Karen. "20 Years after Dolly the Sheep Led the Way—Where Is Cloning Now?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ Sample, Ian (2016-07-26). "Dolly's clones ageing no differently to naturally-conceived sheep, study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ Liu, Zhen; et al. (24 January 2018). "Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer". Cell. 172 (4): 881–887.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020. PMID 29395327. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Normile, Dennis (24 January 2018). "These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aat1066. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Briggs, Helen (24 January 2018). "First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Associated Press (24 January 2018). "Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next?". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Science China Press (23 January 2019). "Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
^ Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (23 January 2019). "China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess". Gizmodo. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dolly (sheep). |
Dolly the Sheep on display The real Dolly at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
Cloning Dolly the Sheep Dolly the Sheep and the importance of animal research- Animal cloning and Dolly
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