• intracellular • extracellular region • terminal bouton • extracellular space • neuron projection • perikaryon • cell body fiber
Biological process
• histamine secretion • pituitary gland development • regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway • negative regulation of glial cell proliferation • female pregnancy • cell-cell signaling • negative regulation of cell cycle • negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process • behavioral fear response • nervous system development • activation of adenylate cyclase activity • regulation of protein localization • positive regulation of GTPase activity • ATP metabolic process • negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus • regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation • cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus • positive regulation of gene expression • negative regulation of GTPase activity • positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic • positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production • postsynaptic potential • positive regulation of cell proliferation • negative regulation of potassium ion transport • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production • positive regulation of neuron projection development • response to starvation • ovarian follicle development • nociception • response to ethanol • negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus • neuropeptide signaling pathway • neuron projection development • cAMP-mediated signaling • positive regulation of somatostatin secretion • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of protein kinase activity • regulation of protein phosphorylation • positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration • insulin secretion • positive regulation of growth hormone secretion • positive regulation of blood vessel diameter • regulation of receptor activity • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling • brain development • camera-type eye development • positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species
Human
Mouse
Entrez
116
11516
Ensembl
ENSG00000141433
ENSMUSG00000024256
UniProt
P18509
O70176
RefSeq (mRNA)
NM_001099733 NM_001117
NM_009625 NM_001315503 NM_001315504
RefSeq (protein)
NP_001093203 NP_001108
NP_001302432 NP_001302433 NP_033755
Location (UCSC)
Chr 18: 0.9 – 0.91 Mb
Chr 17: 93.2 – 93.21 Mb
PubMed search
[3]
[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human
View/Edit Mouse
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also known as PACAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1 gene.[5][6] PACAP is similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide. One of its effects is to stimulate enterochromaffin-like cells. It binds to vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and to the PACAP receptor.
Contents
1Function
2Interactions
3See also
4References
5Further reading
6External links
Function[edit]
This gene encodes adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1. Mediated by adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 receptors, this polypeptide stimulates adenylate cyclase and subsequently increases the cAMP level in target cells. Adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 not only is a hypophysiotropic hormone (i.e. a substance that induces activity in the hypophysis) but also functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In addition, it plays a role in paracrine and autocrine regulation of certain types of cells. This gene is composed of five exons. Exons 1 and 2 encode the 5' UTR and signal peptide, respectively; exon 4 encodes an adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1-related peptide; and exon 5 encodes the mature peptide and 3' UTR. This gene encodes three different mature peptides, including two isotypes: a shorter form and a longer form.[6]
Recently a version of this gene has been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women (but not men).[7] This disorder involves a maladaptive psychological response to traumatic, i.e. existence-threatening, events. Ressler et al. identified an association of a SNP in the gene coding for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), implicating this peptide and its receptor (PAC1) in PTSD.
Interactions[edit]
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide has been shown to interact with secretin receptor.[8]
See also[edit]
Adenylate cyclase
Pituitary gland
References[edit]
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000141433 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024256 - Ensembl, May 2017
^Hosoya M, Kimura C, Ogi K, Ohkubo S, Miyamoto Y, Kugoh H, Shimizu M, Onda H, Oshimura M, Arimura A, et al. (Feb 1992). "Structure of the human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1129 (2): 199–206. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(92)90488-l. PMID 1730060.
^Ressler, KJ; Mercer, KB; Bradley, B; Jovanovic, T; Mahan, A; Kerley, K; Norrholm, SD; Kilaru, V; Smith, AK; Myers, AJ; Ramirez, M; Engel, A; Hammack, SE; Toufexis, D; Braas, KM; Binder, EB; May, V (Feb 24, 2011). "Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor". Nature. 470 (7335): 492–7. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..492R. doi:10.1038/nature09856. PMC 3046811. PMID 21350482.
^Felley, C P; Qian J M; Mantey S; Pradhan T; Jensen R T (Dec 1992). "Chief cells possess a receptor with high affinity for PACAP and VIP that stimulates pepsinogen release". Am. J. Physiol. UNITED STATES. 263 (6 Pt 1): G901–7. ISSN 0002-9513. PMID 1335692.
Conconi MT, Spinazzi R, Nussdorfer GG (2006). "Endogenous ligands of PACAP/VIP receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of the adrenal gland". Int. Rev. Cytol. 249: 1–51. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49001-X. PMID 16697281.
Cross SH, Charlton JA, Nan X, Bird AP (1994). "Purification of CpG islands using a methylated DNA binding column". Nat. Genet. 6 (3): 236–44. doi:10.1038/ng0394-236. PMID 8012384.
Dautzenberg FM, Mevenkamp G, Wille S, Hauger RL (2000). "N-terminal splice variants of the type I PACAP receptor: isolation, characterization and ligand binding/selectivity determinants". J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 (12): 941–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00411.x. PMID 10583729.
Fahrenkrug J (2002). "Gut/brain peptides in the genital tract: VIP and PACAP". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 234: 35–9. PMID 11713978.
Felley CP, Qian JM, Mantey S, et al. (1993). "Chief cells possess a receptor with high affinity for PACAP and VIP that stimulates pepsinogen release". Am. J. Physiol. 263 (6 Pt 1): G901–7. PMID 1335692.
Geng L, Ju G (2000). "[The discovery of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its research progress]". Sheng li ke xue jin zhan [Progress in physiology]. 28 (1): 29–34. PMID 10921074.
Gourlet P, Vandermeers A, Robberecht P, Deschodt-Lanckman M (1997). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP-27, but not PACAP-38) degradation by the neutral endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11". Biochem. Pharmacol. 54 (4): 509–15. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00207-4. PMID 9313778.
Inagaki N, Yoshida H, Mizuta M, et al. (1994). "Cloning and functional characterization of a third pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype expressed in insulin-secreting cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (7): 2679–83. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.2679I. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2679. PMC 43433. PMID 8146174.
Inooka H, Endo S, Kitada C, et al. (1993). "Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) with 27 residues. Conformation determined by 1H NMR and CD spectroscopies and distance geometry in 25% methanol solution". Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 40 (5): 456–64. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00324.x. PMID 1483839.
Kimura C, Ohkubo S, Ogi K, et al. (1990). "A novel peptide which stimulates adenylate cyclase: molecular cloning and characterization of the ovine and human cDNAs". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166 (1): 81–9. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)91914-E. PMID 2302217.
Nakata M, Yada T (2007). "PACAP in the glucose and energy homeostasis: physiological role and therapeutic potential". Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (11): 1105–12. doi:10.2174/138161207780618948. PMID 17430174.
Ohkubo S, Kimura C, Ogi K, et al. (1992). "Primary structure and characterization of the precursor to human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide". DNA Cell Biol. 11 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1089/dna.1992.11.21. PMID 1739432.
Ohtaki T, Masuda Y, Ishibashi Y, et al. (1994). "Purification and characterization of the receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (35): 26650–7. PMID 8253796.
Pérez-Jurado LA, Francke U (1993). "Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene". Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (6): 827. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.6.827-a. PMID 8353512.
Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BK, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H (2009). "Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors: 20 years after the discovery". Pharmacol. Rev. 61 (3): 283–357. doi:10.1124/pr.109.001370. PMID 19805477.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Waschek JA (2002). "Multiple actions of pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide in nervous system development and regeneration". Dev. Neurosci. 24 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1159/000064942. PMID 12145407.
Weber B, Riess O, Daneshvar H, et al. (1993). "(CA)n-dinucleotide repeat at the PDEB locus in 4p16.3". Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (6): 827. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.6.827. PMID 8394765.
Wray V, Kakoschke C, Nokihara K, Naruse S (1993). "Solution structure of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy". Biochemistry. 32 (22): 5832–41. doi:10.1021/bi00073a016. PMID 8504103.
Zeng N, Athmann C, Kang T, et al. (1999). "PACAP type I receptor activation regulates ECL cells and gastric acid secretion". J. Clin. Invest. 104 (10): 1383–91. doi:10.1172/JCI7537. PMC 409843. PMID 10562300.
External links[edit]
Pituitary+adenylate+cyclase-activating+polypeptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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PDB gallery
2d2p: The solution structure of micelle-bound peptide
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