Live electronic music (also known as live electronics) is a form of music that can include traditional electronic sound-generating devices, modified electric musical instruments, hacked sound generating technologies, and computers. Initially the practice developed in reaction to sound-based composition for fixed media such as musique concrète, electronic music and early computer music. Musical improvisation often plays a large role in the performance of this music. The timbres of various sounds may be transformed extensively using devices such as amplifiers, filters, ring modulators and other forms of circuitry (Sutherland 1994, 157). Real-time generation and manipulation of audio using live coding is now commonplace.

History[edit]

1800s–1940s[edit]

Early electronic instruments[edit]

This Telharmonium console (likely pictured in the late 1890s) is an early electronic organ by Thaddeus Cahill, and one of the first electronic instruments used for live performance.

Early electronic instruments intended for live performance, such as Thaddeus Cahill's Telharmonium (1897) and instruments developed between the two world wars, such as the Theremin (1919), Spharophon (1924), ondes Martenot (1928), and the Trautonium (1929), may be cited as antecedents (Manning 2013, 157), but were intended simply as new means of sound production, and did nothing to change the nature of musical composition or performance (Collins 2007, 39).

Many early compositions included these electronic instruments, though the instruments were typically used as fill-ins for standard classical instruments. An example includes composer Joseph Schillinger, who in 1929 composed First Airphonic Suite for Theremin and Orchestra, which premièred with the Cleveland Orchestra with Leon Theremin as soloist.^{[citation needed]}Percy Grainger, used ensembles of four or six theremins (in preference to a string quartet) for his two earliest experimental Free Music compositions (1935–37) because of the instrument's complete 'gliding' freedom of pitch (Gillies and Pear n.d.; Lewis 1991, chapter 4: "Program Notes"). The ondes Martenot was also used as a featured instrument in the 1930s, and composer Olivier Messiaen used it in the Fête des Belles Eaux for six ondes, written for the 1937 International World's Fair in Paris (Hill and Simeone 2005, 74–75).

Cage’s Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) was among the earliest compositions to include an innovative use of live electronic material; it featured two variable-speed phonograph turntables and sine-tone recordings (Collins 2007, 38–39). Cage's interest in live electronics continued through the 1940s and 1950s, providing inspiration for the formation of a number of live-electronic groups in America who came to regard themselves as the pioneers of a new art form (Manning 2013, 157).

1950s–1960s[edit]

Stockhausen (2 September 1972 at the Shiraz Arts Festival, at the sound controls for the live-electronic work Mantra), who wrote a number of notable electronic compositions in the 1960s and 1970s in which amplification, filtering, tape delay, and spatialization was added to live instrumental performance

In Europe, Pierre Schaeffer had attempted live generation of the final stages of his works at the first public concert of musique concrète in 1951 with limited success. However, it was in Europe at the end of the 1950s and early 1960s that the most coherent transition from studio electronic techniques to live synthesis occurred. Mauricio Kagel's Transición II (1959) combined two tape recorders for live manipulation of the sounds of piano and percussion, and beginning in 1964 Karlheinz Stockhausen entered on a period of intensive work with live electronics with three works, Mikrophonie I and Mixtur (both 1964), and Mikrophonie II (Manning 2013, 157–58). While earlier live-electronic compositions, such as Cage's Cartridge Music (1960), had mainly employed amplification, Stockhausen's innovation was to add electronic transformation through filtering, which erased the distinction between instrumental and electronic music (Toop 2002, 495).

During the 1960s, a number of composers believed studio-based composition, such as musique concrète, lacked elements that were central to the creation of live music, such as: spontaneity, dialogue, discovery and group interaction. Many composers viewed the development of live electronics as a reaction against "the largely technocratic and rationalistic ethos of studio processed tape music" which was devoid of the visual and theatrical component of live performance (Sutherland 1994, 157). By the 1970s, live electronics had become the primary area of innovation in electronic music (Simms 1986, 395).

1970s–1980s[edit]

The 1970s and 1980s were notable for contributions by electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre. The success of Oxygene and his large scale concerts which he performed attracted millions of people, breaking his own record for largest audience four times (Cacciottolo 2008; Anon. & n.d.(d).^[1][2] In fact Jarre continued to break his own records up to the end of the century, with 3.5 million people attending 1998's Oxygene in Moscow (Everitt 2015).

1990s[edit]

Laptronica[edit]

Farmers Manual 2002, performing laptronica

Laptronica is a form of live electronic music or computer music in which laptops are used as musical instruments. The term is a portmanteau of "laptop computer" and "electronica". The term gained a certain degree of currency in the 1990s and is of significance due to the use of highly powerful computation being made available to musicians in highly portable form, and therefore in live performance. Many sophisticated forms of sound production, manipulation and organization (which had hitherto only been available in studios or academic institutions) became available to use in live performance, largely by younger musicians influenced by and interested in developing experimental popular music forms (Emmerson 2007,^{[page needed]}). A combination of many laptops can be used to form a laptop orchestra.

Live coding[edit]

Play media

Live coding example using Impromptu

Live coding (Collins, McLean, Rohrhuber, and Ward 2003) (sometimes referred to as 'on-the-fly programming' (Wang and Cook 2004,^{[page needed]}), 'just in time programming') is a programming practice centred upon the use of improvised interactive programming. Live coding is often used to create sound and image based digital media, and is particularly prevalent in computer music, combining algorithmic composition with improvisation (Collins 2003,^{[page needed]}). Typically, the process of writing is made visible by projecting the computer screen in the audience space, with ways of visualising the code an area of active research (McLean, Griffiths, Collins, and Wiggins 2010,^{[page needed]}). There are also approaches to human live coding in improvised dance (Anon. 2009). Live coding techniques are also employed outside of performance, such as in producing sound for film (Rohrhuber 2008, 60–70) or audio/visual work for interactive art installations (Anon. & n.d.(b)).

Live coding is also an increasingly popular technique in programming-related lectures and conference presentations, and has been described as a "best practice" for computer science lectures by Mark Guzdial (2011).

Electroacoustic improvisation[edit]

Keith Rowe (pictured in 2008) improvising with prepared guitar at a music festival in Tokyo.

Electroacoustic improvisation (EAI) is a form of free improvisation that was originally referred to as live electronics. It has been part of the sound art world since the 1930s with the early works of John Cage (Schrader 1991,^{[page needed]}; Cage 1960). Source magazine published articles by a number of leading electronic and avant-garde composers in the 1960s (Anon. & n.d.(a)).

It was further influenced by electronic and electroacoustic music and the music of American experimental composers such as John Cage, Morton Feldman and David Tudor. British free improvisation group AMM, particularly their guitarist Keith Rowe, have also played a contributing role in bringing attention to the practice.

Notable works 1930s–1960s[edit]

The following is an incomplete list, in chronological order, of early notable electronic compositions:

• 
  John Cage – Imaginary Landscape (1939–1952)


• 
  John Cage – Cartridge Music (1960)


• 
  Robert Ashley – Wolfman (1964), Lecture Series (1965), Purposeful Lady Slow Afternoon (1968)


• 
  Karlheinz Stockhausen – Mikrophonie I & II (1964 and 1965); Mixtur (1964); Solo (1966); Prozession (1967); Kurzwellen (1968); Spiral (1968)


• 
  Alvin Lucier – Music for Solo Performer (1965), North American Time Capsule (1967), Vespers (1968)


• 
  Johannes Fritsch – Partita (1965–66) for viola, contact microphones, tape recorder, filters, and potentiometers (4 players); Modulation 2 (1967), for 13 instruments and live electronics; Akroasis (1966–68) for large orchestra with jazz band, two singers, live electronics, hurdy-gurdy, music box, and newsreader


• 
  David Behrman – Wave Train (1967)


• 
  Gordon Mumma – Hornpipe (1967)


• 
  Steve Reich – Pendulum Music (1968)


• 
  Max Neuhaus – Drive-in Music (1968)


• 
  Larry Austin – Accidents (1968)


• 
  Richard Teitelbaum – In Tune (1968)


• 
  Louis Andriessen, Hoe het is (1969) for 52 strings and live electronics


• Louis Andriessen, Reinbert de Leeuw, Misha Mengelberg, Peter Schat, Jan van Vlijmen – Reconstructie (1969), Morality opera for soloists, 3 mixed choirs, orchestra, and live electronics


• George Brown – Splurge (1969)


• 
  Takehisa Kosugi – 712-9374 (1969)


• 
  Roger Smalley – Transformation I (1969)

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic music festivals.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Live electronic music.

• List of electronic music festivals


• Livetronica


• New Interfaces for Musical Expression


• 
  PLOrk: Princeton Laptop Orchestra


• List of music software

Sources[edit]

• Altena, Arie (2006). "Jeff Carey / Jozef van Wissem, Tetuzi Akiyama / Martin Siewert: Three Sets of Strings & Electronics in Different Combinations". DNK Amsterdam: Concert Series for New Live Electronic and Acoustic Music in Amsterdam (press release, 27 November; Accessed 2 May 2013).


• Anon. 2012–2015. "How Are the DJ Rankings Calculated?". Osaka: DJRankings.org (accessed 5 March 2015)


• Anon. (n.d.(a)). "Source: Music of the Avant-Garde (list of issues with Notes "from Deep Listening's website"). UbuWeb: Sound (Accessed 2 May 2013).


• Anon. (n.d.(b)). "Communion by Universal Everything and Field.io: interview". Retrieved 5 February 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


• Anon. (n.d.(c)). "What Is a 'Live P.A.'?" Livepa.org (accessed 5 March 2015).


• Anon. (n.d.(d)). "Concerts with Record Attendance". Noise Addicts blog (accessed 2 March 2018).


• Anon. (2009). "Tech Know: Programming, Meet Music". BBC News. 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2010-03-25.


• Cacciottolo, Mario (2008). "Jarre Breathes Again with Oxygene". BBC News (accessed 6 October 2015).


• Cage, John (1960).Imaginary Landscape No. 1: for Records of Constant and Variable Frequency, Large Chinese Cymbal and String Piano. S.l.: Henmar Press; New York: Sole Selling Agents, C. F. Peters.


• Collins, Nick (2003) "Generative Music and Laptop Performance", Contemporary Music Review 22, no. 4:67–79.


• Collins, Nick (2007). "Live Electronic Music." In The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music, edited by Nick Collins and Julio d’Escriván, pp. 38–54. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-521-68865-9;
  ISBN 978-0-521-86861-7.


• Collins, Nick, A. McLean, J. Rohrhuber, and A. Ward (2003), "Live Coding in Laptop Performance", Organised Sound 8, no. 3: 321–30. doi:10.1017/S135577180300030X.


• Emmerson, Simon (2007). Living Electronic Music. Aldershot, Hants.: Ashgate.


• Eyles, John (2006). "Extended Analysis: 4g: Cloud". AllAboutJazz.com (21 June) (Accessed 2 May 2013).


• Everitt, Matt (2015). "The First Time with … Jean Michel Jarre". BBC Radio 6 (Sunday 4 October; accessed 2 March 2018).


• Gillies, Malcolm, and David Pear. (n.d.). "Grainger, Percy". In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 2011-09-21.(subscription required).


• 
  Guzdial, Mark (2011). "What Students Get Wrong When Building Computational Physics Models in Python: Cabellero Thesis Part 2". Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  


• Hill, Peter, and Nigel Simeone (2005). Messiaen. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-300-10907-8.


• Lewis, Thomas P. (1991). A Source Guide to the Music of Percy Grainger. White Plains: Pro-Am Music Resources.
  ISBN 978-0-912483-56-6. Retrieved 2011-09-21.


• McLean, Alex, Dave Griffiths, Nick Collins, and Geraint Wiggins (2010). "Visualisation of Live Code". In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts London 2010, edited by^{[full citation needed]}. PDF version (Accessed 8 May 2014).


• Manning, Peter (2013). Electronic and Computer Music, fourth edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-19-974639-2.


• Oxford University Press (2015). "Disc". Oxford English Dictionary Online(retrieved 30 August 2014).


• 
  Rohrhuber, Julian (2008). Artificial, Natural, Historical in Transdisciplinary Digital Art. Sound, Vision and the New Screen (PDF). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  


• Schrader, Barry (1991). "Live/Electro-Acoustic Music: A Perspective from History and California," in Live Electronics, edited by Peter Nelson, Stephen Montague, and Gary Montague,^{[page needed]}. CRC Press.
  ISBN 3-7186-5116-5.


• Siegel, Jeff (2006). review of Keith Rowe and Toshimaru Nakamura: Between. Stylus Magazine (22 June)^{[full citation needed]}


• Simms, Brian R. (1986). Music of the Twentieth Century: Style and Structure. New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers.
  ISBN 0-02-872580-8.


• Sutherland, Roger (1994). New Perspectives in Music. London: Sun Tavern Fields.
  ISBN 0-9517012-6-6.


• Toop, Richard. 2002. "Karlheinz Stockhausen". In Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook, edited by Larry Sitsky, 493–99. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
  ISBN 0-313-29689-8.


• Wang, G., and P. Cook (2004) "On-the-fly Programming: Using Code as an Expressive Musical Instrument". In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME)^{[full citation needed]} New York: NIME.

Further reading[edit]

• Andraschke, Peter (2001). "Dichtung in Musik: Stockhausen, Trakl, Holliger." In Stimme und Wort in der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts, edited by Hartmut Krones, 341–55. Vienna: Böhlau.
  ISBN 978-3-205-99387-2.


• Bernal, Alberto, and João Miguel Pais (2008). "Endphase: Origin and Analysis of an Ongoing Project." eContact! 10.4—Temps réel, improvisation et interactivité en électroacoustique / Live-electronics — Improvisation — Interactivity in Electroacoustics (October). Montréal: CEC.


• Burns, Christopher (2002). "Realizing Lucier and Stockhausen: Case Studies in the Performance Practice of Electronic Music." Journal of New Music Research 31, no. 1 (March): 59–68.


• Cox, Christoph (2002). "The Jerrybuilt Future: The Sonic Arts Union, Once Group and MEV’s Live Electronics." In Undercurrents: The Hidden Wiring of Modern Music, edited by Rob Young, pp. 35–44. London: Continuum.
  ISBN 978-0-8264-6450-7.


• Davies, Hugh (2001). "Gentle Fire: An Early Approach to Live Electronic Music." Leonardo Music Journal 11 ("Not Necessarily ‘English Music’: Britain’s Second Golden Age"): 53–60.


• Giomi, Francesco, Damiano Meacci, and Kilian Schwoon (2003). "Live Electronics in Luciano Berio’s Music." Computer Music Journal 27, no. 2 (Summer): 30–46.


• 
  Jensenius, Alexander Refsum; Michael Lyons, eds. (2017). A NIME Reader: Fifteen Years of New Interfaces for Musical Expression. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-47214-0.
  


• Lindborg, PerMagnus (2008). "Reflections on Aspects of Music Interactivity in Performance Situations." eContact! 10.4 —Temps réel, improvisation et interactivité en électroacoustique / Live-electronics — Improvisation — Interactivity in Electroacoustics (October). Montréal:CEC.


• Mailman, Joshua B. (2013). "Improvising Synesthesia: Comprovisation of Generative Graphics and Music". Leonardo Electronic Almanac 19, no.3 ("Live Visuals"): 352–84.


• Marley, Brian, and Mark Wastell (eds.) (2006). Blocks of Consciousness and the Unbroken Continuum [Book + DVD]. London: Sound 323.
  ISBN 978-0-9551541-0-2.


• Neal, Adam Scott (2009). "A Continuum of Indeterminacy in Laptop Music." eContact! 11.4 — Toronto Electroacoustic Symposium 2009 (TES) / Symposium Électroacoustique 2009 de Toronto (December). Montréal: CEC.


• Nowitz, Alex (2008). "Voice and Live-Electronics using Remotes as Gestural Controllers." eContact! 10.4 — Temps réel, improvisation et interactivité en électroacoustique / Live-electronics — Improvisation — Interactivity in Electroacoustics (October). Montréal: CEC.


• Stroppa, Marco (1999). "Live Electronics or … Live Music? Towards a Critique of Interaction." Contemporary Music Review 18, no. 3 ("Aesthetics of Live Electronic Music"): 41–77.

References[edit]