LocalDateTime.now() has different levels of precision on Windows and Mac machine










10















When creating a new LocalDateTime using LocalDateTime.now() on my Mac and Windows machine i get a nano precision of 6 on my Mac and a nano precision of 3 on my Windows machine. Both are running jdk-1.8.0-172.



  • Is it possible to limit or increase the precision on one of the
    machines?

  • And why is the precision actually different?









share|improve this question



















  • 1





    LocalDateTime.now() uses the system Clock which means whatever precision the system clock has that's how much precision LocalDateTime.now() will have.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • "milliseconds precision of 6" is that the same as microsecond precision? (Perhaps better phrased as "subsecond precision").

    – Andy Turner
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • Sorry! It´s actually called "nano".

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:21











  • @Slaw Running System.currentTimeMillis() provides the same level of precision on both machines.

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:23







  • 5





    The system Clock may use System.currentTimeMillis() or a higher resolution clock if available. It looks like your Mac has a clock with microsecond precision.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:28















10















When creating a new LocalDateTime using LocalDateTime.now() on my Mac and Windows machine i get a nano precision of 6 on my Mac and a nano precision of 3 on my Windows machine. Both are running jdk-1.8.0-172.



  • Is it possible to limit or increase the precision on one of the
    machines?

  • And why is the precision actually different?









share|improve this question



















  • 1





    LocalDateTime.now() uses the system Clock which means whatever precision the system clock has that's how much precision LocalDateTime.now() will have.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • "milliseconds precision of 6" is that the same as microsecond precision? (Perhaps better phrased as "subsecond precision").

    – Andy Turner
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • Sorry! It´s actually called "nano".

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:21











  • @Slaw Running System.currentTimeMillis() provides the same level of precision on both machines.

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:23







  • 5





    The system Clock may use System.currentTimeMillis() or a higher resolution clock if available. It looks like your Mac has a clock with microsecond precision.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:28













10












10








10








When creating a new LocalDateTime using LocalDateTime.now() on my Mac and Windows machine i get a nano precision of 6 on my Mac and a nano precision of 3 on my Windows machine. Both are running jdk-1.8.0-172.



  • Is it possible to limit or increase the precision on one of the
    machines?

  • And why is the precision actually different?









share|improve this question
















When creating a new LocalDateTime using LocalDateTime.now() on my Mac and Windows machine i get a nano precision of 6 on my Mac and a nano precision of 3 on my Windows machine. Both are running jdk-1.8.0-172.



  • Is it possible to limit or increase the precision on one of the
    machines?

  • And why is the precision actually different?






java precision java-time platform






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Aug 26 '18 at 20:32









YCF_L

32.9k104082




32.9k104082










asked Aug 26 '18 at 20:15









Tobias MarschallTobias Marschall

6331621




6331621







  • 1





    LocalDateTime.now() uses the system Clock which means whatever precision the system clock has that's how much precision LocalDateTime.now() will have.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • "milliseconds precision of 6" is that the same as microsecond precision? (Perhaps better phrased as "subsecond precision").

    – Andy Turner
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • Sorry! It´s actually called "nano".

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:21











  • @Slaw Running System.currentTimeMillis() provides the same level of precision on both machines.

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:23







  • 5





    The system Clock may use System.currentTimeMillis() or a higher resolution clock if available. It looks like your Mac has a clock with microsecond precision.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:28












  • 1





    LocalDateTime.now() uses the system Clock which means whatever precision the system clock has that's how much precision LocalDateTime.now() will have.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • "milliseconds precision of 6" is that the same as microsecond precision? (Perhaps better phrased as "subsecond precision").

    – Andy Turner
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:18












  • Sorry! It´s actually called "nano".

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:21











  • @Slaw Running System.currentTimeMillis() provides the same level of precision on both machines.

    – Tobias Marschall
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:23







  • 5





    The system Clock may use System.currentTimeMillis() or a higher resolution clock if available. It looks like your Mac has a clock with microsecond precision.

    – Slaw
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:28







1




1





LocalDateTime.now() uses the system Clock which means whatever precision the system clock has that's how much precision LocalDateTime.now() will have.

– Slaw
Aug 26 '18 at 20:18






LocalDateTime.now() uses the system Clock which means whatever precision the system clock has that's how much precision LocalDateTime.now() will have.

– Slaw
Aug 26 '18 at 20:18














"milliseconds precision of 6" is that the same as microsecond precision? (Perhaps better phrased as "subsecond precision").

– Andy Turner
Aug 26 '18 at 20:18






"milliseconds precision of 6" is that the same as microsecond precision? (Perhaps better phrased as "subsecond precision").

– Andy Turner
Aug 26 '18 at 20:18














Sorry! It´s actually called "nano".

– Tobias Marschall
Aug 26 '18 at 20:21





Sorry! It´s actually called "nano".

– Tobias Marschall
Aug 26 '18 at 20:21













@Slaw Running System.currentTimeMillis() provides the same level of precision on both machines.

– Tobias Marschall
Aug 26 '18 at 20:23






@Slaw Running System.currentTimeMillis() provides the same level of precision on both machines.

– Tobias Marschall
Aug 26 '18 at 20:23





5




5





The system Clock may use System.currentTimeMillis() or a higher resolution clock if available. It looks like your Mac has a clock with microsecond precision.

– Slaw
Aug 26 '18 at 20:28





The system Clock may use System.currentTimeMillis() or a higher resolution clock if available. It looks like your Mac has a clock with microsecond precision.

– Slaw
Aug 26 '18 at 20:28












2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















14














The precision is different because LocalDateTime.now() uses a system default Clock.




Obtains the current date-time from the system clock in the default time-zone.



This will query the system clock in the default time-zone to obtain the current date-time.



...




The link in this Javadoc takes you to Clock.systemDefaultZone() which states (emphasis mine):




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant using the best available system clock, converting to date and time using the default time-zone.



This clock is based on the best available system clock. This may use System.currentTimeMillis(), or a higher resolution clock if one is available.



...




Which clock Java uses can depend on a lot of things and it looks like your Mac computer has a clock with microsecond precision whereas your Windows computer has a clock with millisecond precision. I'm not aware of any way to increase the precision of a clock but you can definitely decrease the precision so that it matches across platforms.



One option is to do as Ole V.V. does in his answer and use LocalDateTime.truncatedTo(TemporalUnit).



Another option is to plug in your own Clock and use LocalDateTime.now(Clock). If possible, I would use Clock.tickMillis(ZoneId) since this method returns a Clock that truncates to milliseconds.




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant ticking in whole milliseconds using the best available system clock.



This clock will always have the nano-of-second field truncated to milliseconds. This ensures that the visible time ticks in whole milliseconds. The underlying clock is the best available system clock, equivalent to using system(ZoneId).



...



Since:

9







share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    In other words, resolution of current moment is an implementation detail.

    – Basil Bourque
    Aug 26 '18 at 21:52


















8














I don’t think you can get any better precision than the one you are already getting. If you want to reduce the precision to match that of the other system, it’s straightforward (when you know how):



LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin")).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);


The precision you get depends on the hardware, the settings, the OS and the integration of the JVM with all of those. It’s well known that Mac generally offers better precision than Windows (though I was under the impression that this was only the case from Java 9, per OpenJDK issue # JDK‑8068730).






share|improve this answer




















  • 2





    is ZoneID needed? maybe a bit confusing, at least it is kind of hiding the important part (laptop)

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:34







  • 6





    A good habit if you want to control what you get, @CarlosHeuberger. If you want the JVM’s default time zone in that moment, I still prefer ZoneId.systemDefault() over leaving it out. It reads the intention more clearly, though the result is the same. You are correct that this discussion is not relevant to the question asked.

    – Ole V.V.
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:36







  • 3





    sure, there are a lot of 'good habits'... like having a constant for such? like avoiding too long lines?

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:41










Your Answer






StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function ()
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function ()
StackExchange.using("snippets", function ()
StackExchange.snippets.init();
);
);
, "code-snippets");

StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "1"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);













draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f52029920%2flocaldatetime-now-has-different-levels-of-precision-on-windows-and-mac-machine%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









14














The precision is different because LocalDateTime.now() uses a system default Clock.




Obtains the current date-time from the system clock in the default time-zone.



This will query the system clock in the default time-zone to obtain the current date-time.



...




The link in this Javadoc takes you to Clock.systemDefaultZone() which states (emphasis mine):




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant using the best available system clock, converting to date and time using the default time-zone.



This clock is based on the best available system clock. This may use System.currentTimeMillis(), or a higher resolution clock if one is available.



...




Which clock Java uses can depend on a lot of things and it looks like your Mac computer has a clock with microsecond precision whereas your Windows computer has a clock with millisecond precision. I'm not aware of any way to increase the precision of a clock but you can definitely decrease the precision so that it matches across platforms.



One option is to do as Ole V.V. does in his answer and use LocalDateTime.truncatedTo(TemporalUnit).



Another option is to plug in your own Clock and use LocalDateTime.now(Clock). If possible, I would use Clock.tickMillis(ZoneId) since this method returns a Clock that truncates to milliseconds.




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant ticking in whole milliseconds using the best available system clock.



This clock will always have the nano-of-second field truncated to milliseconds. This ensures that the visible time ticks in whole milliseconds. The underlying clock is the best available system clock, equivalent to using system(ZoneId).



...



Since:

9







share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    In other words, resolution of current moment is an implementation detail.

    – Basil Bourque
    Aug 26 '18 at 21:52















14














The precision is different because LocalDateTime.now() uses a system default Clock.




Obtains the current date-time from the system clock in the default time-zone.



This will query the system clock in the default time-zone to obtain the current date-time.



...




The link in this Javadoc takes you to Clock.systemDefaultZone() which states (emphasis mine):




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant using the best available system clock, converting to date and time using the default time-zone.



This clock is based on the best available system clock. This may use System.currentTimeMillis(), or a higher resolution clock if one is available.



...




Which clock Java uses can depend on a lot of things and it looks like your Mac computer has a clock with microsecond precision whereas your Windows computer has a clock with millisecond precision. I'm not aware of any way to increase the precision of a clock but you can definitely decrease the precision so that it matches across platforms.



One option is to do as Ole V.V. does in his answer and use LocalDateTime.truncatedTo(TemporalUnit).



Another option is to plug in your own Clock and use LocalDateTime.now(Clock). If possible, I would use Clock.tickMillis(ZoneId) since this method returns a Clock that truncates to milliseconds.




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant ticking in whole milliseconds using the best available system clock.



This clock will always have the nano-of-second field truncated to milliseconds. This ensures that the visible time ticks in whole milliseconds. The underlying clock is the best available system clock, equivalent to using system(ZoneId).



...



Since:

9







share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    In other words, resolution of current moment is an implementation detail.

    – Basil Bourque
    Aug 26 '18 at 21:52













14












14








14







The precision is different because LocalDateTime.now() uses a system default Clock.




Obtains the current date-time from the system clock in the default time-zone.



This will query the system clock in the default time-zone to obtain the current date-time.



...




The link in this Javadoc takes you to Clock.systemDefaultZone() which states (emphasis mine):




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant using the best available system clock, converting to date and time using the default time-zone.



This clock is based on the best available system clock. This may use System.currentTimeMillis(), or a higher resolution clock if one is available.



...




Which clock Java uses can depend on a lot of things and it looks like your Mac computer has a clock with microsecond precision whereas your Windows computer has a clock with millisecond precision. I'm not aware of any way to increase the precision of a clock but you can definitely decrease the precision so that it matches across platforms.



One option is to do as Ole V.V. does in his answer and use LocalDateTime.truncatedTo(TemporalUnit).



Another option is to plug in your own Clock and use LocalDateTime.now(Clock). If possible, I would use Clock.tickMillis(ZoneId) since this method returns a Clock that truncates to milliseconds.




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant ticking in whole milliseconds using the best available system clock.



This clock will always have the nano-of-second field truncated to milliseconds. This ensures that the visible time ticks in whole milliseconds. The underlying clock is the best available system clock, equivalent to using system(ZoneId).



...



Since:

9







share|improve this answer















The precision is different because LocalDateTime.now() uses a system default Clock.




Obtains the current date-time from the system clock in the default time-zone.



This will query the system clock in the default time-zone to obtain the current date-time.



...




The link in this Javadoc takes you to Clock.systemDefaultZone() which states (emphasis mine):




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant using the best available system clock, converting to date and time using the default time-zone.



This clock is based on the best available system clock. This may use System.currentTimeMillis(), or a higher resolution clock if one is available.



...




Which clock Java uses can depend on a lot of things and it looks like your Mac computer has a clock with microsecond precision whereas your Windows computer has a clock with millisecond precision. I'm not aware of any way to increase the precision of a clock but you can definitely decrease the precision so that it matches across platforms.



One option is to do as Ole V.V. does in his answer and use LocalDateTime.truncatedTo(TemporalUnit).



Another option is to plug in your own Clock and use LocalDateTime.now(Clock). If possible, I would use Clock.tickMillis(ZoneId) since this method returns a Clock that truncates to milliseconds.




Obtains a clock that returns the current instant ticking in whole milliseconds using the best available system clock.



This clock will always have the nano-of-second field truncated to milliseconds. This ensures that the visible time ticks in whole milliseconds. The underlying clock is the best available system clock, equivalent to using system(ZoneId).



...



Since:

9








share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited Aug 27 '18 at 0:52

























answered Aug 26 '18 at 20:49









SlawSlaw

8,38631033




8,38631033







  • 3





    In other words, resolution of current moment is an implementation detail.

    – Basil Bourque
    Aug 26 '18 at 21:52












  • 3





    In other words, resolution of current moment is an implementation detail.

    – Basil Bourque
    Aug 26 '18 at 21:52







3




3





In other words, resolution of current moment is an implementation detail.

– Basil Bourque
Aug 26 '18 at 21:52





In other words, resolution of current moment is an implementation detail.

– Basil Bourque
Aug 26 '18 at 21:52













8














I don’t think you can get any better precision than the one you are already getting. If you want to reduce the precision to match that of the other system, it’s straightforward (when you know how):



LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin")).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);


The precision you get depends on the hardware, the settings, the OS and the integration of the JVM with all of those. It’s well known that Mac generally offers better precision than Windows (though I was under the impression that this was only the case from Java 9, per OpenJDK issue # JDK‑8068730).






share|improve this answer




















  • 2





    is ZoneID needed? maybe a bit confusing, at least it is kind of hiding the important part (laptop)

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:34







  • 6





    A good habit if you want to control what you get, @CarlosHeuberger. If you want the JVM’s default time zone in that moment, I still prefer ZoneId.systemDefault() over leaving it out. It reads the intention more clearly, though the result is the same. You are correct that this discussion is not relevant to the question asked.

    – Ole V.V.
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:36







  • 3





    sure, there are a lot of 'good habits'... like having a constant for such? like avoiding too long lines?

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:41















8














I don’t think you can get any better precision than the one you are already getting. If you want to reduce the precision to match that of the other system, it’s straightforward (when you know how):



LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin")).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);


The precision you get depends on the hardware, the settings, the OS and the integration of the JVM with all of those. It’s well known that Mac generally offers better precision than Windows (though I was under the impression that this was only the case from Java 9, per OpenJDK issue # JDK‑8068730).






share|improve this answer




















  • 2





    is ZoneID needed? maybe a bit confusing, at least it is kind of hiding the important part (laptop)

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:34







  • 6





    A good habit if you want to control what you get, @CarlosHeuberger. If you want the JVM’s default time zone in that moment, I still prefer ZoneId.systemDefault() over leaving it out. It reads the intention more clearly, though the result is the same. You are correct that this discussion is not relevant to the question asked.

    – Ole V.V.
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:36







  • 3





    sure, there are a lot of 'good habits'... like having a constant for such? like avoiding too long lines?

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:41













8












8








8







I don’t think you can get any better precision than the one you are already getting. If you want to reduce the precision to match that of the other system, it’s straightforward (when you know how):



LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin")).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);


The precision you get depends on the hardware, the settings, the OS and the integration of the JVM with all of those. It’s well known that Mac generally offers better precision than Windows (though I was under the impression that this was only the case from Java 9, per OpenJDK issue # JDK‑8068730).






share|improve this answer















I don’t think you can get any better precision than the one you are already getting. If you want to reduce the precision to match that of the other system, it’s straightforward (when you know how):



LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin")).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);


The precision you get depends on the hardware, the settings, the OS and the integration of the JVM with all of those. It’s well known that Mac generally offers better precision than Windows (though I was under the impression that this was only the case from Java 9, per OpenJDK issue # JDK‑8068730).







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited Aug 26 '18 at 21:48









Basil Bourque

111k28383543




111k28383543










answered Aug 26 '18 at 20:30









Ole V.V.Ole V.V.

29.3k63653




29.3k63653







  • 2





    is ZoneID needed? maybe a bit confusing, at least it is kind of hiding the important part (laptop)

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:34







  • 6





    A good habit if you want to control what you get, @CarlosHeuberger. If you want the JVM’s default time zone in that moment, I still prefer ZoneId.systemDefault() over leaving it out. It reads the intention more clearly, though the result is the same. You are correct that this discussion is not relevant to the question asked.

    – Ole V.V.
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:36







  • 3





    sure, there are a lot of 'good habits'... like having a constant for such? like avoiding too long lines?

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:41












  • 2





    is ZoneID needed? maybe a bit confusing, at least it is kind of hiding the important part (laptop)

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:34







  • 6





    A good habit if you want to control what you get, @CarlosHeuberger. If you want the JVM’s default time zone in that moment, I still prefer ZoneId.systemDefault() over leaving it out. It reads the intention more clearly, though the result is the same. You are correct that this discussion is not relevant to the question asked.

    – Ole V.V.
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:36







  • 3





    sure, there are a lot of 'good habits'... like having a constant for such? like avoiding too long lines?

    – Carlos Heuberger
    Aug 26 '18 at 20:41







2




2





is ZoneID needed? maybe a bit confusing, at least it is kind of hiding the important part (laptop)

– Carlos Heuberger
Aug 26 '18 at 20:34






is ZoneID needed? maybe a bit confusing, at least it is kind of hiding the important part (laptop)

– Carlos Heuberger
Aug 26 '18 at 20:34





6




6





A good habit if you want to control what you get, @CarlosHeuberger. If you want the JVM’s default time zone in that moment, I still prefer ZoneId.systemDefault() over leaving it out. It reads the intention more clearly, though the result is the same. You are correct that this discussion is not relevant to the question asked.

– Ole V.V.
Aug 26 '18 at 20:36






A good habit if you want to control what you get, @CarlosHeuberger. If you want the JVM’s default time zone in that moment, I still prefer ZoneId.systemDefault() over leaving it out. It reads the intention more clearly, though the result is the same. You are correct that this discussion is not relevant to the question asked.

– Ole V.V.
Aug 26 '18 at 20:36





3




3





sure, there are a lot of 'good habits'... like having a constant for such? like avoiding too long lines?

– Carlos Heuberger
Aug 26 '18 at 20:41





sure, there are a lot of 'good habits'... like having a constant for such? like avoiding too long lines?

– Carlos Heuberger
Aug 26 '18 at 20:41

















draft saved

draft discarded
















































Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f52029920%2flocaldatetime-now-has-different-levels-of-precision-on-windows-and-mac-machine%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

𛂒𛀶,𛀽𛀑𛂀𛃧𛂓𛀙𛃆𛃑𛃷𛂟𛁡𛀢𛀟𛁤𛂽𛁕𛁪𛂟𛂯,𛁞𛂧𛀴𛁄𛁠𛁼𛂿𛀤 𛂘,𛁺𛂾𛃭𛃭𛃵𛀺,𛂣𛃍𛂖𛃶 𛀸𛃀𛂖𛁶𛁏𛁚 𛂢𛂞 𛁰𛂆𛀔,𛁸𛀽𛁓𛃋𛂇𛃧𛀧𛃣𛂐𛃇,𛂂𛃻𛃲𛁬𛃞𛀧𛃃𛀅 𛂭𛁠𛁡𛃇𛀷𛃓𛁥,𛁙𛁘𛁞𛃸𛁸𛃣𛁜,𛂛,𛃿,𛁯𛂘𛂌𛃛𛁱𛃌𛂈𛂇 𛁊𛃲,𛀕𛃴𛀜 𛀶𛂆𛀶𛃟𛂉𛀣,𛂐𛁞𛁾 𛁷𛂑𛁳𛂯𛀬𛃅,𛃶𛁼

Edmonton

Crossroads (UK TV series)