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Jharkhand
State of India
An immensely resource-rich state, Jharkhand suffers from resource curse
Seal
Location of Jharkhand
Map of Jharkhand
Coordinates (Ranchi): 23°21′N 85°20′E / 23.35°N 85.33°E / 23.35; 85.33Coordinates: 23°21′N 85°20′E / 23.35°N 85.33°E / 23.35; 85.33
Country	India
Region	East India
Formation	15 November 2000
Capital	Ranchi
Largest city	Jamshedpur
Districts	24
Government
• Governor	Draupadi Murmu
• Chief Minister	Raghubar Das (BJP)
• Legislature	Unicameral (81 seats)
• Parliamentary constituency	14
• High Court	Jharkhand High Court
Area
• Total	79,714 km2 (30,778 sq mi)
Area rank	16th
Population (2011)[1]
• Total	32,988,134
• Rank	14th
• Density	414/km2 (1,070/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 code	IN-JH
HDI	0.578 (medium)
HDI rank	33th (2016)
Literacy	67.6% (31th)
Official language[2]	Hindi
Website	www.jharkhand.gov.in
†Formed by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000

Jharkhand (lit. "Bushland" or The land of forest) is a state in eastern India, carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000.^[3] The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 km² (30,778 sq mi).

The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital.

Jharkhand suffers from resource curse;^[4] It accounts for more than 40% of the mineral resources of India,^[5] but it suffers widespread poverty as 39.1% of the population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of the children under five years of age are malnourished.^[6] The state is primarily rural, with only 24% of the population living in cities.^[7]

History

Stone tools have discovered from Chota Nagpur plateau region which is from Mesolithic and Neolithic period.^[8] There are ancient Cave Paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000 BC).^[9] There is a group of megaliths found close to Barkagaon that is about 25 km from Hazaribagh town at Punkri Barwadih, which has been proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE.^[10] During Iron age Black and red ware culture had prevalent in Chota Nagpur Plateau region. Several Iron slags, microlith, Potsherds have also discovered from Singhbhum district which is from 1400 BCE according to Carbon dating age.^[11]

According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera,^[12] there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire. During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BC, Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha, Anga, Banga, Kalinga, Kashi^{[citation needed]} and Vajji. Jharkhand was part of greater Magadha region and was in some way culturally different from Historical Vedic religion.^[13]

Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region, directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.^[14]

In Akbarnama the region of Chhotanagpur is described as Jharkhand. The region was famous by another name Khukhra during Moghal Period. At that time Raja Madhu Singh, the 42nd Nagvanshi king was ruling at Kokhra. Consequently Kokhra was subdued by the armies of Akbar and a sum of rupees six thousand was fixed as its annual revenues payable to the Mughals.

By the advent of the reign of Jahangir, Raja Durjan Sal had come to power. He refused to pay the rent fixed by the Emperor Akbar. There was the acquisition of the diamonds found in the bed of the Sankh River in the region. On getting orders from the emperor, Ibrahim Khan marched against Kokhra in 1615 AD. The details of this invasion are mentioned in Jahangir’s memoirs, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. Durjan Sal was arrested and all diamonds which were in the possession of him were captured. Durjan Sal taken as a captive to Patna. From there he was sent to the Imperial court and subsequently imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior.

According to Nagvanshi traditions and Col. Dalton, Raja Durjan Sal after twelve year of confinement, for identifying real and fake diamond, not only released by Emperor but also restored the prosperity taken from him in addition to his kingdom. The generous Durjan Sal further begged the Emperor to release the other Rajas who had been his companions in prison and his prayer was granted. Being pleased with Durjan Sal, Jahangir conferred the title of ‘Shah’ on the Kokhra ruler. On his return, Durjan Sal assumed the title of Maharaja and changed his surname. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD.^[15]

The Chero King Medini Ray (1662–1674), ruled for thirteen years from 1662 to 1674 from Medininagar in Palamau.^[16] His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the Maharaja of Chhotanagpur.^[17]

Daud Khan, who launched his invasion starting from Patna on 3 April 1660, attacked south of Gaya district and finally arrived at the Palamu Forts on 9 December 1660. The terms of surrender and payment of tribute were not acceptable to the Cheros; Daud Khan wanted complete conversion of all Hindus under the Chero rule to Islam. Following this, Khan mounted a series of attacks on the forts. Cheros defended the forts but ultimately both forts were occupied.^[18]

Following the death of Medini Ray there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately lead to its downfall; this was engineered by the ministers and advisers in the court.^[19] Chitrajeet Rai's nephew Gopal Rai betrayed him and facilitated the Patna Council of the British East India Company to attack the fort. When the new fort was attacked by Captain Camac on 28 January 1771, the Chero soldiers fought valiantly but had to retreat to the old fort on account of water shortage. This facilitated the British army to occupy the new fort located on a hill without any struggle. This location was strategic and enabled the British to mount canon supply and the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771.^[20] The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772.

British rule

In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company. The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people.

The first ever revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Manjhi, a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills in 1771.Soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, West Bengal.

Santhal rebellion against Zamindari system during British Company Raj in 1855

In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord from Srinagar. Munda tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820, Kol revolt in 1832. The Santhal rebellion broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu.

The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.^[21] Then Birsa Munda revolt,^[22] broke out in 1895 and lasted till 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.^[23]

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any Provinces.

Post-independence

The ancient Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple in Deoghar

After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state.^[24]

After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill (Jharkhand Bill). Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which had made statehood its mail poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Jharkhand Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament this year, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state.^[25]

Jharkhand statehood

The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively under developed southern part of Bihar. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state, endowed as it is with vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.^[26]

Naxal insurgency

Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police, and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum.^[27]

Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area^[28] (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "Naxal Belt" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,^[28] where the highest concentrations of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.^[29] Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours a rich abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.^[30] The impoverished state provides ample recruits for the communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor that see few benefits from the resource extractions.^[30] As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.^[30] In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.^[28]

On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near Kishanpur while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi. His widow, Suman Mahato, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate, won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.^[31]

Geography

State symbols of Jharkhand'

Formation day	15 November 2000 Created by "Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000."
State animal	Elephant[32]
State bird	Koel
State tree	Sal[32]
State flower	Palash[32]

Palash flowers, bright red, pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall, also known as forest fire

Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by Bihar to the northern side, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to the western side, Odisha to the southern part and West Bengal to the eastern part.

Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79.70 lakh hectare. Much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: Damodar, Brahmani, Koel, Subarnarekha and Kharkairivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of Elephants and tigers.

A Female Indian Elephant at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand

Hills and Mountain Ranges

• 
  Tagore Hill: The Tagore Hill is also recognized as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi, Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.^{[citation needed]}


• Canary Hill: Canary Hill is surrounded by parks and has 3 tiny lakes.^{[citation needed]} Canary hill has a surveillance tower. From the hill’s top there are views of the township.


• 
  Parasnath Hill: Parasnath Hill is also recognized as Sri Sammed Sikharji. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand. It is a chief Jain pilgrimage site and the holy place for Jains. It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the hill is 1,350 meters.


• Fuldungri: Fuldungri is situated on a small hill near Ghatshila town. Fuldungri’s peak has view of the nearby hills and valleys. Burudih Lake is situated seventeen kilometers North of Fuldungri.


• Trikut Hill: Trikut Hill is located ten kilometers away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.


• Nandan Hill: Nandan hill is a small hill binding the township which has a Nandi Temple. The Nandan hill is located in front of the Shiv temple. It is also surrounded by a lake.


• Ranchi Hill: The Ranchi Hill is an attractions in Ranchi, Jharkhand. At Ranchi Hill’s pinnacle, there is a holy place dedicated to Lord Shiva. At the pedestal of the hill of Ranchi there is a lake, Ranchi Lake.

Main Rivers

Dassam fall near Ranchi is a tributary of Subarnarekha River.

• 
  Sone River: Origin of Sone River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Sone River: Sidhi, Dehri, Patna


• 
  Subarnarekha River: Origin of Subarnarekha River: Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur


• 
  Damodar River: Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Damodar River: Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman
  


• South Koyal River: Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River: Manoharpur


• Ajay River: Origin of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Churulia, Chittaranjan, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli


• Phalgu River: Origin of Phalgu River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau, City on the Shore of Phalgu River: Gaya


• Mayurakshi River: Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River: Suri

Flora and Fauna

A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre at Ormanjhi, Ranchi

Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The National Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety.

Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,^[33] as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

Demographics

According to the 2011 Indian Census, Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females.^[34] The sex ratio is 947 females to 1000 males.^[34] The literacy rate of the state was 67.63% with Ranchi district being most educated at 77.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%.^[34]

Language

Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand.^[2] Jharkhand has accorded second language status to Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Ho, Kharia, Kurukh, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali and Urdu.^[37][38][2]

Religion

Sun Temple at Ranchi; Hinduism is the largest religion in the state

As per the 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the state at 67.8%, followed by Islam at 14.5% and Christianity at 4.3%.^[39] Other religions, primarily Sarnaism, constitute 12.8% of the population.^[40]

Cuisine

Jharkhandis have a cuisine in which spices are rarely used and rice is the staple diet. They prepare different dishes of rice, different types of Rotis, Litti Chokha, Panipuri (Gupchup), Pittha, Dhuska, Dudhauri, kera-dudhauri and Jhalmudh. Dhuska is a famous dish of Jharkhand cooked with mashed rice and pulses and served with either aaloo dum or mutton curry; kera-dudhauri is a famous dish prepared with milk, rice, ghee and gur. In many parts of Jharkhand including Panch Pargana area (Bundu, Rahe, Sonahatu, Silli, Angara, Arki and Tamar Blocks of Ranchi & Khunti districts) a special food item "Charpa" is prepared by frying mashed rice mixed with spicy vegetable preparations; hence the name follows viz. Sembi Charpa, Egg Charpa and many more depending upon the ingredient vegetable source.^[41][42]

Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Diyeng or Handia, named after the vessel (earthen pot) used to make it. Handiya is culturally associated with native i.e. Tribals as well as Sadan, as this drink is consumed by both men and women, on social occasions like marriage and other festivals.^[43][44] Another common liquor is called Mahu, made from fruit/flowers of the "Mahua" tree (Madhukam Indicum).^[45]

Folk Music and Dance

There are several Folk dance in Jharkhand such as: Jhumar, Damkach, Fagua, Karma Naach and Chhau. The musical instruments used in folk song and dance are Mander/Madal, Dholki/Dhol, Bansuri, Nagara, Dhak, Shehnai, Narsinga etc.^[46]

Administrative districts

The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Sahebganj, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighboring state.^[47]

Youth marching: parade for India's Republic Day, Jharkhand state, India

Divisions and districts

Major cities

Largest Cities in Jharkhand (2011 Census of India estimate)[48]
Rank	City	District	Population	Rank	City	District	Population	Jamshedpur Bokaro
01	Jamshedpur	East Singbhum	1,339,438	06	Phusro	Bokaro	185,555
02	Dhanbad	Dhanbad	1,196,214	07	Hazaribagh	Hazaribagh	153,595
03	Ranchi	Ranchi	1,120,374	08	Giridih	Giridh	143,630
04	Bokaro Steel City	Bokaro	564,319	09	Ramgarh	Ramgarh	132,425
05	Deoghar	Deoghar	203,123	10	Daltonganj	Palamu	120,325

Economy

Open-cast Coal Mining in Dhanbad

Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1% and the per capita annual income is US$726.8.^[49] Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (1st), coal(3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), Manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even gold (Rakha Mines) (6th) and silver and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry, in centres like Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Ranchi. Tata Steel, a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.^[50] It reported a gross income of ₹. 204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 1,800 crore.^[51]

Transport

Ranchi Airport (IXR)

National Highway 33 near Ramgarh Cantonment

State Highway 2 in the Mountainous Patratu Valley

Air

Ranchi Airport is the largest domestic airport in the state with air connectivity to major Indian cities of Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad among others.^[52] Other airports present in the state are Bokaro Airport, Jamshedpur Airport, Chakulia Airport, Dumka Airport and Dhanbad Airport who mostly run private and charter flights.^[53]

Roads

Jharkhand has extensive network of National Highways and State Highways.^[54] There is 2,661.83 kilometres (1,653.98 mi) of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.^[54] The National highways present in the state are numbered 2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 33, 43, 75, 78, 80, 98, 99, 100, 114A, 133, 133B, 133A, 143A, 220, 333, 333A, 343 and 419.^[54] The Golden Quadrilateral network of Delhi – Kolkata route runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.^[55][56]

Ports

Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways.^[57] A multi-model port has been planned at Sahebganj where river Ganges flows.^[58] The project is estimated to cost INR 6,500 crores and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.^[59]

Rail

Jharkhand is very well connected by railways and has numerous railway stations.^[60]

Education

As per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 67.63% (male: 78.45%; female: 56.21%) with nine districts above the average literacy rate:^[61][62]

• Ranchi: 77.13% (male: 85.53%; female: 68.20%)


• East Singhbhum: 76.13% (male: 84.51%; female: 67.33%)


• Dhanbad: 75.71% (male: 85.68%; Female: 64.70%)


• Ramgarh: 73.92% (male: 83.51%; female: 63.49%)


• Bokaro: 78.48% (male: 84.50%; female: 61.46%)


• Hazaribagh: 70.48% (male: 81.15%; female: 59.25%)


• Saraikela Khasawan: 68.85% (male: 81.01%; female: 56.19%)


• Kodarma: 68.35% (male: 81.25%; female: 54.77%)


• Lohardaga: 68.29% (male: 78.62%; female: 57.86%)


• Deoghar: 66.34% (male: 79.13%; female: 53.39%)

Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.^[63] Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.^{[citation needed]}

Schools

The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi/English with English/Hindi/Sanskrit/Bengali/Odia as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join 2 years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce.

This is followed by 3 years of degree courses (graduation) or 4 years of Engineering/Agriculture/Medicine degree.

On May 2008, Jharkhand became the first in India to introduce free haircuts for poor students. 40,000 barbers will be employed with a monthly salary of 1000 rupees (25 US dollars) which will cost the state government 40 million rupees (1 million US dollars).^[64]

Universities and colleges

• 
  Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi


• 
  Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi


• 
  Jharkhand Rai University, Ranchi


• 
  Kolhan University, Chaibasa


• 
  National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi


• 
  Nilamber Pitamber University, Medininagar


• 
  Ranchi University, Ranchi


• 
  Sido Kanhu Murmu University, Dumka


• 
  Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh

Autonomous

• Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi


• Indian Institute of Management Ranchi


• Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad


• 
  National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology (NIFFT), Ranchi


• National University of Study and Research in Law


• National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur


• St. Xavier's College, Ranchi


• 
  Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS), Ranchi


• 
  Xavier Labour Relations Institute (XLRI), Jamshedpur

Agriculture

• 
  Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi

Engineering

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi

• 
  Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi


• 
  Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri, Dhanbad


• 
  Cambridge Institute of Technology, Ranchi


• 
  DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, Daltonganj


• 
  R.V.S College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur

Management

• 
  Institute of Management Studies, Ranchi IMS-RU

Medical colleges

• M.G.M. Medical College, Jamshedpur


• Patliputra Medical College and Hospital (PMCH), Dhanbad


• 
  Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi

Psychiatry

• Central Institute of Psychiatry

Health

Because of its mild climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been like a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged.^{[65][not in citation given]}
European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively.
In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB). In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing exemplary work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as Drug resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,^[66] is rendering pioneering work. In the same way Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment Cancer and heart related problems with capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the famous Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.

Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals. Hospitals like Orchid Medical Centre have introduced world class healthcare services to the people of the state. However, in rural areas facilities are still scarce and reliant on foreign aid projects (such as Traditional Healthcare in Datom) for the establishment of clinics

Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines.^[67] Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis, prevalent bone fractures, and skeletal fluorosis, an irreversible disabling condition.^[68] Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.^[69] Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.^[70][71]

Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.^[72]

Animal husbandry and veterinary services

African lions at Tata Steel Zoological Park in Jamshedpur.

Jharkhand has a diverse domestic animal population, including local and crossbred cattle, black Bengal goat, chhotanagpuri sheep, murrah and local buffalo, broilers and ducks of many varieties.^[73] The state Veterinary department runs Veterinary Dispensaries located throughout Jharkhand and posts Touring Veterinary officers, Block Animal Husbandry Officers, Touring Veterinary officers (mobile), Assistant Poultry Officers and Veterinary Surgeons to support the agricultural industry.

The state has a Veterinary College located at Kanke, Ranchi.^[74]

Sports

Cricket, hockey, and football are popular games with the people of Jharkhand. Jharkhand has given some brilliant players like Jaipal Singh, a former Indian hockey captain and Olympian and Manohar Topno, currently playing for the Indian Hockey team. Jaipal Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Mahendra Singh Dhoni who was the captain of Indian cricket team and led the Indian cricket team to ICC Cricket World Cup Glory on 2 April 2011, ending a 28-year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captain Kapil Dev in 1983 at Lord's, England.^[75]

Aerial View of JRD Tata Sports Complex and Keenan Stadium in Jamshedpur

Another rising cricketer from Jharkhand is Varun Aaron, India's fastest bowler and Saurabh Tiwary, left hand hard hitting batsman of India who represented Mumbai Indians from the 2008 Indian Premier League and currently playing for Delhi Daredevils in 2015. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia. Ashunta Lakra, sister of Vimal Lakra is the Indian Hockey Captain currently.And one of the emerging sport personality is Deepika Kumari, a young Indian athlete who competes in the event of Archery. She won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event.

Former Indian Cricket team Captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni hails from Ranchi

An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted an International Match between India and England on 19 January 2013.^[76] Apart from that, this stadium has hosted two IPL 6 matches for KKR and qualifier 2 of IPL 8 between CSK and RCB and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A Tennis Academy, which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik, also runs besides the Cricket stadium.^[77] Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey India League to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos which is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as Ranchi Rays.^[78] Ranchi is also famous for being the hometown of World Cup winning Captain of Indian Cricket team, Mahendra Singh Dhoni. India's ace archer Deepika Kumari, gold medal winner of Commonwealth Games 2010 and current world no.1 rank holder, also hails from Ranchi.

See also

• Outline of India


• Index of India-related articles


• Bibliography of India


• List of people from Jharkhand


• 
  India – Wikipedia book
  

References

External links

Government

• Government of Jharkhand, India

General information

• 
  Jharkhand Encyclopædia Britannica entry


• 
  Jharkhand at Curlie (based on DMOZ)


• 
  Geographic data related to Jharkhand at OpenStreetMap