Dfyjkt

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
Logo
Founding member countries (1961)      Other member countries
Abbreviation	OECD OCDE
Formation	16 April 1948; 70 years ago (1948-04-16) (as the OEEC)a Reformed in September 1961 (1961-09) (as OECD)
Type	Intergovernmental organisation
Headquarters	Paris, France
Membership	36 states[1] Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
Official languages	English French
Secretary-General	José Ángel Gurría
Deputy Secretary-General	Ludger Schuknecht
Deputy Secretary-General	Mari Kiviniemi
Deputy Secretary-General	Masamichi Kono
Budget	€374 million (2017)[2]
Website	www.oecd.org
a. Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 36 member countries,^[1] founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries. As of 2017, the OECD member states collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP (US$49.6 trillion)^[3] and 42.8% of global GDP (Int$54.2 trillion) at purchasing power parity.^[4] OECD is an official United Nations observer.^[5]

In 1948, the OECD originated as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),^[6] led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan (which was rejected by the Soviet Union and its satellite states).^[7] This would be achieved by allocating United States financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. (Similar reconstruction aid was sent to the war-torn Republic of China and post-war Korea, but not under the name "Marshall Plan".)^[8]

In 1961, the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and membership was extended to non-European states.^[9][10] The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.^[11] The OECD is funded by contributions from member states at varying rates and had a total budget of €374 million in 2017.^[2]

History

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.^[12] It started its operations on 16 April 1948, and originated from the work done by the Committee of European Economic Co-operation in 1947 in preparation for the Marshall Plan. Since 1949, it was headquartered in the Château de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan ended, the OEEC focused on economic issues.^[6]
According to Yanis Varoufakis, the OEEC can be seen as a continental planning commission established by the victorious United States following the successful model of their planning commissions of the New Deal. The economic philosophy these commission followed can be characterized as Keynesian. The lead in the organisation should be in French hands, with a strong integration of the Germans.^[13]

In the 1950s, the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

By the end of the 1950s, with the job of rebuilding Europe effectively done, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose, but could be adapted to fulfill a more global mission. It would be a hard-fought task, and after several sometimes fractious meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris starting in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would deal not only with European and Atlantic economic issues, but devise policies to assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members. It would also set to work straight away on bringing in Japan.^[14]

Founding

Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was drawn up to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961. It consisted of the European founder countries of the OEEC plus the United States and Canada, with Japan joining three years later. The official founding members are:

During the next 12 years Japan, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution as a country.^[15]

The OECD created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Unlike the organisations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling "organisation" with an "s" in its name rather than "organization" (see -ise/-ize).

Enlargement to Central Europe

In 1989, after the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD started to assist countries in Central Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the Programme "Partners in Transition" was launched for the benefit of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.^[15][16] This programme also included a membership option for these countries.^[16] As a result of this, Poland,^[17] Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, as well as Mexico and South Korea^[18] became members of the OECD between 1994 and 2000.

Reform and further enlargement

In the 1990s, a number of European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.^[19] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become full members of the OECD.^[20]Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.^[21] In 2005, Malta applied to join the organisation.^[22] The EU is lobbying for admission of all EU member states.^[23]Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the organisation through the letter addressed by the Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to OECD Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría.^[24] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it will apply for full membership before the OECD Secretariat.^[25]

In 2003, the OECD established a working group headed by Japan's Ambassador to the OECD Seiichiro Noboru to work out a strategy for the enlargement and co-operation with non-members. The working group proposed that the selection of candidate countries to be based on four criteria: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations". The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 and 14 May 2004. Based on these recommendations work, the meeting adopted an agreement on operationalisation of the proposed guidelines and on the drafting of a list of countries suitable as potential candidates for membership.^[15] As a result of this work, on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia and to strengthen co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.^[26] Chile, Slovenia, Israel and Estonia all became members in 2010.^[27] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its role in the 2014 Crimean crisis.^[28][29]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. In 2015, it opened talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania.^[30] Latvia became a full member on 1 July 2016 and Lithuania on 5 July 2018.^[31][32] Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and will become full member after the ratification of the accession agreement and the deposition of the ratification document.^[33]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Argentina, Peru,^[34]Malaysia,^[35]Brazil^[36] and Croatia.^[37]

Objectives and activities

Taxation

Payroll and income tax by OECD Country

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective as between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Additionally, the OECD have published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995. The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for profit allocation of intercompany transactions to countries. The latest version, of July 2017, incorporates the approved Actions developed under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the G20.

Publishing

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary.

The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment.

Books

The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. The publications are updated accordingly to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship^[vague] titles include:

• The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.


• The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.


• The OECD Factbook, published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via StatLinks.


• The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.


• In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.^{[n 1]}

Magazine

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine^{[n 2]} launched in 1962.^[38] The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook,^{[n 3]} launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.^[39] The online and mobile^[40] editions are updated regularly. News, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains listing of the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.^[41] An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.^[42]

Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects. In July 2014, the OECD publicly released its main statistical databases through the OECD Data Portal, an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators.^[43][44]

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

• as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal,


• as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,


• as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,


• as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).

It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.

Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:

• The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organisation.


• The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.


• The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Ángel Gurría), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organised into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

Meetings

The main entrance to the OECD Conference Centre in Paris

Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings. Former Deputy Secretary-General Pierre Vinde [sv] estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.^[45] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.^{[citation needed]} In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

The OECD regularly holds minister-level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter, members and non-member states.^[46]

Noteworthy meetings include:

• The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.


• The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM.


• Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e., all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).


• The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.


• OECD Eurasia Week which includes several high-level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia.^[47]

Secretariat

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation, and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

• Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities


• Centre for Tax Policy and Administration


• Development Co-operation Directorate


• Directorate for Education and Skills


• Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs


• Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs


• Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation


• Economics Department


• Environment Directorate


• Public Governance Directorate


• Statistics Directorate


• Trade and Agriculture Directorate


• General Secretariat


• Executive Directorate


• Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

Secretary-General of the OEEC

No.	Secretary-General	Time served	Country of origin
1	Robert Marjolin	1948 – 1955	France
2	René Sergent	1955 – 1960	France
3	Thorkil Kristensen	1960 – September 1961	Denmark

Secretary-General of the OECD

No.	Secretary-General	Time served	Country of origin
1	Thorkil Kristensen	30 September 1961 – 30 September 1969	Denmark
2	Emiel van Lennep	1 October 1969 – September 1984	Netherlands
3	Jean-Claude Paye	1 October 1984 – 30 September 1994	France
—	Staffan Sohlman (interim)[48][49]	1 October 1994 – November 1994	Sweden
3	Jean-Claude Paye[50]	November 1994 – 30 May 1996	France
4	Donald Johnston	1 June 1996 – 30 May 2006	Canada
5	José Ángel Gurría	1 June 2006 – present	Mexico

See source.

Committees

Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.^[51]

Special bodies and entities^[52]

• Africa Partnership Forum


• Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)


• Development Assistance Committee


• OECD Development Centre


• 
  International Transport Forum (ITF) (formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport)


• International Energy Agency


• Nuclear Energy Agency


• 
  Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN)


• Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)


• Sahel and West Africa Club


• 
  Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)

Member countries

Current members

There are currently 36 members of the OECD^[1] with one more country (Colombia) invited to join.^[33]

Country	Application	Negotiations	Invitation	Membership[1]	Geographic location	Notes
Australia				7 June 1971	Oceania
Austria				29 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Belgium				13 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Canada				10 April 1961	North America
Chile	November 2003[53][54]	16 May 2007[55]	15 December 2009[56]	7 May 2010	South America
Czech Republic	January 1994[57]	8 June 1994[58]	24 November 1995[57]	21 December 1995	Europe	Was a member of the rival Comecon from 1949 to 1991 as part of Czechoslovakia.
Denmark				30 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Estonia		16 May 2007[55]	10 May 2010[59]	9 December 2010	Europe
Finland				28 January 1969	Europe
France				7 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Germany				27 September 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[60] Previously represented by the Trizone.[6]East Germany was a member of the rival Comecon from 1950 until German reunification in 1990.
Greece				27 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Hungary	December 1993[61]	8 June 1994[58]		7 May 1996	Europe	Was a member of the rival Comecon from 1949 to 1991.
Iceland				5 June 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Ireland				17 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Israel	15 March 2004[62]	16 May 2007[55]	10 May 2010[59]	7 September 2010	Asia
Italy				29 March 1962	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Japan	November 1962[63]		July 1963[63]	28 April 1964	Asia
South Korea	29 March 1995[64]		25 October 1996[65]	12 December 1996	Asia	Officially Republic of Korea
Latvia		29 May 2013[66]	11 May 2016[67]	1 July 2016[68]	Europe
Lithuania		9 April 2015[69]	31 May 2018	5 July 2018[70]	Europe
Luxembourg				7 December 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Mexico			14 April 1994[71]	18 May 1994	North America
Netherlands				13 November 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
New Zealand				29 May 1973	Oceania
Norway				4 July 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Poland	1 February 1994[72]	8 June 1994[58]	11 July 1996[73]	22 November 1996	Europe	Was a member of the rival Comecon from 1949 to 1991.
Portugal				4 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Slovakia	February 1994[74]	8 June 1994[58]	July 2000[74]	14 December 2000	Europe	Was a member of the rival Comecon from 1949 to 1991 as part of Czechoslovakia.
Slovenia	March 1996[75]	16 May 2007[55]	10 May 2010[59]	21 July 2010	Europe
Spain				3 August 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1958.[76]
Sweden				28 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Switzerland				28 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
Turkey				2 August 1961	Asia	OEEC member.[6]
United Kingdom				2 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[6]
United States				12 April 1961	North America

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.^[77]

Former members

• 
  Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) (member of the OEEC until 1954, when it ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity).^[6]

Countries signed accession agreement but not members yet

• Colombia: officially invited on 25 May 2018, signed accession agreement on 30 May 2018^[78][33]

Countries currently in accession talks

• Costa Rica: In May 2013, the OECD declared its intention to open accession negotiations with Costa Rica in 2015.^[79] On 9 April 2015, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Costa Rica.^[80]

Countries whose accession talks are suspended

• Russia: In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.^[26] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia's role in that year's Crimean crisis.^[28][29]

Countries whose membership request is under consideration by the OECD Council

• Argentina^[81]


• Brazil^[81]


• Bulgaria^[81]


• Croatia^[81]


• Peru^[81]


• Romania^[81]

In March 2019, US President Donald Trump said he would support Brazil's entry into the OECD. However, the South American country must abdicate its status as a developing country in the WTO and declare itself a developed country. The United States was the main opponent for Brazil's entry into the organization, delaying the country's accession process.^[82]

Indicators

The following table shows various data for OECD member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various composite indices, including human development, viability of the state, rule of law, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

Country	Area[83] (km²) 2017	Population [83] 2017	GDP (PPP) [83] (Intl. $) 2017	GDP (PPP) per capita[83] (Intl. $) 2017	Income inequality [83] 2008- 2016 (latest available)	HDI[84] 2017	FSI[85] 2018	RLI[86] 2017-2018	CPI[87] 2017	IEF[88] 2018	GPI[89] 2018	WPFI[90] 2018	DI[91] 2017
Australia	7,741,220	24,598,933	1,192,065,505,301	48,460	34.7	0.939	20.8	0.81	77	80.9	1.425	15.46	9.09
Austria	83,879	8,809,212	461,582,926,400	52,398	30.5	0.908	26.2	0.81	75	71.8	1.265	14.04	8.42
Belgium	30,530	11,372,068	544,041,974,958	47,840	27.7	0.916	29.7	0.77	75	67.5	1.525	13.16	7.78
Canada	9,984,670	36,708,083	1,714,447,151,944	46,705	34.0	0.926	21.5	0.81	82	77.7	1.371	15.28	9.15
Chile	756,096	18,054,726	444,777,637,169	24,635	47.7	0.843	40.7	0.67	67	75.2	1.595	22.69	7.84
Czech Republic	78,870	10,591,323	384,753,663,283	36,327	25.9	0.888	39.0	0.74	57	74.2	1.360	21.89	7.62
Denmark	42,922	5,769,603	296,350,723,354	51,364	28.2	0.929	19.8	0.89	88	76.6	1.337	13.99	9.22
Estonia	45,230	1,315,480	41,756,008,089	31,742	32.7	0.871	43.0	0.80	71	78.8	1.712	14.08	7.79
Finland	338,420	5,511,303	247,269,243,619	44,866	27.1	0.920	17.9	0.87	85	74.1	1.515	10.26	9.03
France	549,087	67,118,648	2,876,059,993,399	42,850	32.7	0.901	32.2	0.74	70	63.9	1.839	21.87	7.80
Germany	357,380	82,695,000	4,187,583,088,239	50,639	31.7	0.936	25.8	0.83	81	74.2	1.500	14.39	8.61
Greece	131,960	10,760,421	297,008,117,389	27,602	36.0	0.870	55.3	0.60	48	57.3	1.998	29.19	7.29
Hungary	93,030	9,781,127	274,926,859,412	28,108	30.4	0.838	50.2	0.55	45	66.7	1.494	29.11	6.64
Iceland	103,000	341,284	18,140,165,689	53,153	27.8	0.935	20.3	N/A	77	77.0	1.111	14.10	9.58
Ireland	70,280	4,813,608	364,140,938,830	75,648	31.8	0.938	20.7	N/A	74	80.4	1.408	14.59	9.15
Israel	22,070	8,712,400	333,351,018,354	38,262	41.4	0.903	N/A	N/A	62	72.2	2.707	30.26	7.79
Italy	301,340	60,551,416	2,387,357,093,793	39,427	35.4	0.880	43.8	0.65	50	62.5	1.737	24.12	7.98
Japan	377,962	126,785,797	5,487,161,155,332	43,279	32.1	0.909	34.5	0.79	73	72.3	1.408	28.64	7.88
Korea, South	100,280	51,466,201	1,972,970,735,842	38,335	31.6	0.903	35.7	0.72	54	73.8	1.823	23.51	8.00
Latvia	64,490	1,940,740	53,561,181,206	27,598	34.2	0.847	44.9	N/A	58	73.6	1.670	19.63	7.25
Lithuania	65,286	2,827,721	90,748,628,812	32,092	37.4	0.858	39.4	N/A	59	75.3	1.732	22.20	7.41
Luxembourg	2,590	599,449	62,189,692,542	103,745	33.8	0.904	20.8	N/A	82	76.4	N/A	14.72	8.81
Mexico	1,964,380	129,163,276	2,358,275,520,126	18,258	43.4	0.774	71.5	0.45	29	64.8	2.646	48.91	6.41
Netherlands	41,540	17,132,854	899,530,829,783	52,503	28.2	0.931	26.2	0.85	82	76.2	1.525	10.01	8.89
New Zealand	267,710	4,793,900	197,072,471,931	41,109	N/A	0.917	20.9	0.83	89	84.2	1.241	13.62	9.26
Norway	385,178	5,282,223	324,403,929,579	61,414	27.5	0.953	18.3	0.89	85	74.3	1.486	7.63	9.87
Poland	312,680	37,975,841	1,102,293,080,831	29,026	N/A	0.865	41.5	0.67	60	68.5	1.676	26.59	6.67
Portugal	92,225	10,293,718	326,029,976,815	31,673	35.5	0.847	27.3	0.72	63	63.4	1.258	14.17	7.84
Slovakia	49,035	5,439,892	171,990,237,347	31,616	26.5	0.855	42.5	N/A	50	65.3	1.611	20.26	7.16
Slovenia	20,270	2,066,748	72,063,812,126	34,868	25.4	0.896	30.3	0.67	61	64.8	1.364	21.69	7.50
Spain	505,940	46,572,028	1,769,637,042,996	37,998	36.2	0.891	41.4	0.70	57	65.1	1.568	20.51	8.08
Sweden	447,420	10,067,744	505,482,949,469	50,208	29.2	0.933	20.8	0.86	84	76.3	1.516	8.31	9.39
Switzerland	41,290	8,466,017	547,853,971,543	64,712	32.3	0.944	19.2	N/A	85	81.7	1.373	11.27	9.03
Turkey	785,350	80,745,020	2,140,141,581,685	26,505	41.9	0.791	82.2	0.42	40	65.4	2.777	53.50	4.88
United Kingdom	243,610	66,022,273	2,856,703,440,289	43,269	33.2	0.922	34.3	0.81	82	78.0	1.786	23.25	8.53
United States	9,831,510	325,719,178	19,390,604,000,000	59,532	41.5	0.924	37.7	0.73	75	75.7	2.232	23.73	7.98
OECDb	36,328,730	1,300,865,255	56,394,326,347,476	43,351	33.1	0.895	34.2	0.74	68	72.4	1.645	20.30	8.10
Country	Area (km²) 2017	Population 2017	GDP (PPP) (Intl. $) 2017	GDP (PPP) per capita (Intl. $) 2017	Income inequality 2008-2016 (latest available)	HDI 2017	FSI 2018	RLI 2017-2018	CPI 2017	IEF 2018	GPI 2018	WPFI 2018	DI 2017

OECD Composite Leading Indicators and Turning Points

OECD Composite Leading Indicators: Reference Turning Points and Component Series

The components of the Composite Leading Indicators are time series which exhibit leading relationship to the GDP at turning points. Country Composite Leading Indicators are compiled by combining de-trended smoothed and normalized components. The component series for each country are selected based on various criteria such as economic significance; cyclical behaviour; data quality; timeliness and availability.

The turning point detection algorithm is a simplified version of the original Bry and Boschan routine.

See also

• Frascati Manual


• German Marshall Fund


• Good laboratory practice


• International organisations in Europe


• Friedrich Alfred Kahnert


• List of country groupings


• List of multilateral free-trade agreements


• OECD Better Life Index


• OECD Environmental Performance Reviews


• 
  OECD iLibrary (replaced SourceOECD in July 2010)^[92]


• Official development assistance


• Transfer pricing

Notes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to OECD.

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development


• OECD iLibrary – OECD's portal for books, reports, statistics, working papers and journals